Aggression - evolutionary explanations

Question 1

Hyde (sex differences)

Answer 1

• meta-analysis
• effect sizes between men and women
• physical aggression was 0.6
• aggressive fantasies was 0.84
• willingness to shock others in experiment was 0.39
• males much more aggressive across range of studies and measures

Question 2

Daly and Wilson (sex differences)

Answer 2

• cross-cultural
• same sex murder rates from 35 studies
• male on male murders made up 96% of all same sex murders
• triangulated date from historical and cross-cultural research, variety of samples and measures

Question 3

Dobash and Dobash (violence towards mate)

Answer 3

• 50% of women in battered wives’ refuge said jealousy over alleged infidelity explained husband’s behaviour

Question 4

Guttmacher (violence towards mate)

Answer 4

• 80% of spousal homicides were motivated over jealousy of suspected infidelity

Question 5

Daly and Wilson (violence towards mate)

Answer 5

• range of anthropological sources

- suggests sexual jealousy as a cause of murder is universal phenomenon

Question 6

Shackleford (violence towards mate)

Answer 6

• men who committed violence were likely to use other male retention tactics:
• intersexual negative inducements (shouting for looking at another man)
• direct guarding
• emotional manipulation
• suggests violence is part of a set of strategies
• important implication for women

Question 7

Camilleri (sexual violence towards mate)

Answer 7

• percieved infidelity was a major predictor of marital rape

Question 8

Goetz and Shackleford (sexual violence towards mate)

Answer 8

• rape was more common if male believed partner had been unfaithful
• suggests males have an over-sensitive infidelity detection module, in the EEA it would have been more adaptive to stop infidelity

Question 9

Daly and Wilson (violence towards men as deterrent)

Answer 9

• reviewed evidence from love triangle homicides

- men were much more likely to kill rival than females in the same situation