Agencies of Development

Question 1

agencies of development

Answer 1

.those organisations and ins. that play a part in develop.

Question 2

states

Answer 2

.not same as govs as Govs are in temporary control of some/most aspects of state but civil service, judicial and legal systems (all part of state) have greater continuity

Question 3

states in developing countries

Answer 3

.have borders imposed by colonial powers in past - often pop. does not share common identity and there are ethnic and religious tensions - makes it harder to achieve sense of nat. identity that could help develop.
.civil services and machinery of good will be inherited from colonial powers and may not be appropriate bus they were set up to ‘control’ native pop rather than improve living standards

Question 4

what do neoliberals favour abt a state

Answer 4

.being as small as possible - states should have a fading role whilst tncs should have growing role
.argue that states in dev. world have been too big w oversized beaurocracies and too much interference in the market
.do accept that states have responsibility to create and maintain stable social situation in which free market can operate - countries unable to do this known as ‘failed states’

Question 5

what do marxists and dependancy theorists argue

Answer 5

.opposed to cap. and favour develop. being led by state provided it represents ppl
.most countries - state controlled by ruling class/bourgeoisie so therefore acts against interests of maj. of pop in favour of elites in north - transformation of state via revolution needed

Question 6

can a state lead development

Answer 6

.can if it sets it a goal that it actively pursues - many newly ind. countries attempted this 50s and 60s
.states ran industries, organised agriculture and bought products for marketing
.played huge example in successful ind. and econ. growth e.g. rise of Japan and ‘asian tiger’ econs

Question 7

develpment state

Answer 7

.leftwich - one that sees its main purpose as develop., focusing on develop goals and working closely w private sector
.tend to be authoritarian w weak/absent opposition
.less acceptable today w aid and debt relief often reliant on being democratic, china following this approach

Question 8

predatory states

Answer 8

.prevents develop.
.state may be corrupt w ruling class enriching themselves w aid or country resources
.pray upon its own ppl through appropriation and corruption

Question 9

example of a predatory state

Answer 9

.democratic republic of Congo - Mobutu preyed upon his population w support from rich nations and world bank
.mobutus power prevented ecivil service from implementing agreed rules or a capitalist class investing in business to exist w Mobutu staying in power for so long due to external support

Question 10

transnational coorporations

Answer 10

.refers to corporations that have globalised their operations -produce and sell around the world, use global supply chains and employ ppl in many diff countries
.tncs are larger than ever due to gl. and new international diction of labour
.some argue - as econ. gl. continues, tncs are at least as important as nation states w maj. of world countries have smaller econs. than largest tncs

Question 11

multinational corporations (mnc)

Answer 11

.has global aspects and can operate in diff countries but is still clearly based in one nation
.have not yet become truly global in the way tncs are
.distinction between two less important in dev. world - both v powerful outside organisations that have affect on develop.

Question 12

what do tncs exist for

Answer 12

.to make profits for their shareholders - not purpose or aim to help country develop although do accept corporate responsibility
. most countries seek investment by tncs and set up special areas where they can operate w/o usual restrictions e.g. areas called export processing zones - countries that set these up assume that presence of tncs will eventually have benefits even if situation easily seems like exploitation

Question 13

what doe neoliberal and mt think abt tncs

Answer 13

.essential as able to introduce modern values and to kick-start and econ.
.accompamying abuses comparable to those that developed countries went through during ind. - painful but necessary

Question 14

what do dt think abt tncs

Answer 14

.concentrate on abuses under ‘costs’
.presence of them seen as intensifying dependancy, preventing local industries from growing and ensuring country stays poor
.overall effect of growth of power of tncs is to weaken workers and strengthen cap. - trade unions around world aware that when faced w transit. employers, need to cooperate so as to provide a transit. voice for workers

Question 15

why do tncs act in unethical ways - global economic influence

Answer 15

.large tncs more powerful than some dev. countries so able to put pressure on individual countries and egos e.g. wto

Question 16

why do tncs act in unethical ways - parent-subsidiary relationship

Answer 16

.often operate through small, subsidiary companies - when there’s a court case, subsidiary often prosecuted and parent tnc protected both financially and in terms of publicity

Question 17

why do tncs act in unethical ways - regional economic influence

Answer 17

.tncs gold power in part. counties and regions - can force/blackmail govs into overlooking what they do

Question 18

why do tncs act in unethical ways - punishment

Answer 18

.when tncs and subsidiaries are prosecuted for breaking regulations and laws, fines are tiny proportions of profits and the cost can be passed onto consumers

Question 19

non-governmental organisations (ngo’s)

Answer 19

.very wide range
.not part of a gov/ a business that exists to make a profit - org. of concerned citizens who want to act together for humanitarian and philanthropic ends
.may have grown beyond small-scale origins and now employ many ppl who have huge budgets

Question 20

international non-governmental organisations (ingo’s)

Answer 20

.non-profit groups which are ind. of state and largely funded by private contributions and work internationally on range of global, humanitarian, develop. and enviro issues
.some focus on campaigning and others on nat. level
.best known ones ass. w ppl centred approach to develop. and work on issues wherever there is need

Question 21

how much aid can ingo’s provide

Answer 21

.small compared to aid from govs and multilateral aid provided by ego’s
.have had vital role in emergencies, raising fund from public for public disaster relief - some uk larges ingo’s work together in disaster emergency committee to coordinate fundraising

Question 22

why are ngos growing in importance

Answer 22

.many criticisms of other forms of aid, more official develop. assistance is being channelled through ingo’s - allows donors to claim that money is benefitting poor more directly

Question 23

what is an issue with ingo’s

Answer 23

.have grown into large organisations that keep expanding and begin to lose sight of their original idealism - ideas abt social justice, equality and democracy do not always translate into decent wages of staff/involvement in decision making

Question 24

what concerns might northern countries have about ingo’s

Answer 24

.concern abt amount money that is absorbed by administration rather than going to those in need
.Edward and Hulme (2013) - studied range of develop. ngos and argued that they were losing touch w their roots and coming closer to govs and other sources of funding than to ppl they were trying to help

Question 25

overal eval of ingos

Answer 25

.aid worthy and often highly successful at. local level, but not enough of it to transform a global situation

Question 26

strengths of ingos

Answer 26

.smaller and more effective than large star beaurocracies
.continuity unlike gov aid which can be affected by elections
.not driven by profit unlike tncs

Question 27

limitations of ingos

Answer 27

.somwrtimes work to closely w govs/rely on gov funds
.have links w tncs which are often corrupt
.some ngos have portrayed ppl in dev. countries as victims and objects of pity that are unable to help themselves - more for developed world to feel like they’ve achieved smth

Question 28

global civil society (gcs)

Answer 28

.comprises a loose collection of ingos, activist groups and others that overlap w anti-gl. movement
.theres a debate on whether there’s a coherent gcs or whether the orgs. are too different and lack any common focus

Question 29

civil society

Answer 29

.’civil society’ - networks of groups and orgs that exist in ant society between in. and families as well as state - size and vitality of cs often seen as as a sign of health in soc in general

Question 30

how has gl. affected cs

Answer 30

.meant that worldwide cs is emerging, made up of all groups and org. who’s interests and antivirus are no longer confined to one state

Question 31

movements within ingos

Answer 31

.activists focus on working on one particular area of concern and can be seen forming clusters working within global social movement - movements have grown in size as ppl around world become disenchanted w trad. politics and issues it tends to focus on and seek new ways of expressing themselves and demanding change

Question 32

what has growth of gcs and gsm caused

Answer 32

.emergence of anti-gl. movement - global justice movement
.global activist come together to protest at imp and wto meetings - represent many gsm groups
.acts as a voice of a wide range on radicals, reformists, creating a board that opposes neoliberal gl.

Question 33

international governemnt organisation (igo)

Answer 33

.states cooperate to set up growing no. of suprastate org.
.can cover large areas e.g. un but can also be regional e.g. African Union

Question 34

United Nations

Answer 34

.set up partly to promote dev. but activist in this area were initially limited by a lack of commitment from developed countries
.1960s - many colonies become ind. and had vote in un general assembly so voices from third world began to be more influential - but votes weren’t binding
.real power within un w security council w 15 members
.also takess on peacekeeping role in conflicting situations

Question 35

what does the un consist of

Answer 35

.wide variety of programmes and agencies - may take on more radical and pro-south line than ima, wto bus of numerical strength of dev. countries when voting based on one-country-one-vote rather than on econ. strength/financial contributions
.e.g. human development report - more radical interp. than world banks world develop. report

Question 36

what do un programmes and agencies involve in development

Answer 36

.United Nations develop. programme (undp) - provides grants for sustainable develop. and produces humans develop. report
.who
.world food programme - provides food aid in disaster and emergency situations - wfp buys food to distribute but also accepts donations

Question 37

european union

Answer 37

.brings together 28 nation-states in our. - total amount spent on aid by eu states bilaterally and through eu ins. multilaterally is over $50 bil and makes eu and it smemebr worlds largest aid donor

Question 38

supernational orgaisations

Answer 38

.run the world econ. - internet. monetary fund, world bank and world trade org. - formally part of un system but are separate
.imf and world banks has voting based on financial contributions meaning they’re essentially under contRolmof developed countries - developed countries reject attempts to reform allocation if votes
.both large beaurocratic org. in which admirals goals e.g. pov alleviation can be lost within internal demands of org.

Question 39

International Monetary Fund (imf)

Answer 39

-initial role was to control system of fixed exchange rates based on gold - system ended in early 70s and imf lacked clear role until deb cries began in 80s - became a financial police for countries in debt, giving loans provided that countries adopt an imf econ programme w many countries adopting this

Question 40

criticisms of imf

Answer 40

.adheres strictly to neoliberal policies despite lack of ev. of its effectiveness
.imposes sam conditions on all, regardless of how far country has developed and what resources it requires - creates a system if inequality where countries are gin resources that they don’t need while others are in severe need of resources yet do not have enough/none at all
.failed to foresee econ. crises - effects are much worse

Question 41

world bank

Answer 41

.always had clear develop. goal than imf
.raises money from finance markets at much lower rate of interest than govs would be able to and then passes rate onto members - enables gov of dev. contries to borrow at much lower rates of interest than they could commercially
.also provides internat. develop. ass. loans to poorest countries at 0 interest
.recently focused more on pov eradication, setting of millennial dev. goals strengthened this

Question 42

criticisms of world bank

Answer 42

.has been restricted to lending specific projects e.g. dams which were often inappropriate
.still ass. w saps as works closely w imf

Question 43

world trade organisation

Answer 43

.set up largest at the instigation of the usa - wants to push for neoliberal reforms inure of trade
.in theory all members have equal say but non votes are taken and decisions are reached by consensus - means decision making often difficult and talks usually end w/o agreement

Question 44

criticisms of wto

Answer 44

.decision making undemocratic - poorer countries in there have avid but in practice are excluded from important org.
.ineffective in making rich nations reduce subsidies and tariffs when they’re determined not to
.gives free trade priority, even over sustainable develop.

Question 45

g20

Answer 45

.main place developed countries meet - reps of govs and central banks of member countries disuss global econ. issues