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Equine > Ag 2 > Flashcards

Ag 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are some tools or restraints that can be used to examine the oral cavity of a cow

A 
Head catch
Fist in interdental space
Speculum/ Gag
Tongue Depressor (torus linguae)
Flash light
Nose rings
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2
Q

Where is the esophagus palapetes in the neck

A

Left side of neck parallel to trachea

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3
Q

What percent of cows lying down should be chewing cud

A

50%- watch far away first

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4
Q

What is a normal rate of contraction per minute in the rumen of cows

A

1-2

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5
Q

What is a normal rate of contraction per minute in the rumen of goats

A

1-4

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6
Q

What is a normal rate of contraction per minute in the rumen of camelids

A

Variable (decrease with stress)

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7
Q

The stimuli near the reticulum such as the withers punch test should have the cow do what

A

If problem will show pain (also test with knee to side of chest/abdomen)- won’t sink if in pain. Will sink if not painful

Hardware disease.

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8
Q

What do we hear on the left side of the abdomen

A

Rumen and LDA

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9
Q

What do we hear in the right side of a cow

A

Cecum and spiral colon

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10
Q

Pings on the left side can indicate what diseases

A

Rumen bloat
LDA
Pneumoperitoneum
Rumen collapse

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11
Q

What abnormalities occur with a ping on the right side

A 
Cecal dilation
Spiral colon
RDA RAV
Gas in rectum or colon
Gas in uterus
Pneumoperitoneum
Omental collapse
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12
Q

What are some causes for constipation in cows

A

Ketosis
Lead poisoning
Hypocalcemia
Oak bud toxicity

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13
Q

What are some causes of dysentery in cows

A 
Salmonella
C. Perfeingens
Anthrax
Winter dysentery 
BVD
MCF
Coccidia
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14
Q

On the scale of 1-5 a feces that is made up of stuff balls of manure would be a score of …

A

5 (poor forage quality)
1= water
3= thick custard

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15
Q

What can cause mucin casts

A

Fermentable carbohydrates escape from rumen

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16
Q

Bypass fermentation can cause what type of manure

A

Foamy manure

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17
Q

Left displaced abomasum is (better/ worse/ the same) than right displaced abomasum

A

Better. Right is more severe

Will sound like water through pipe

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18
Q

A ping in the right side of the abdomen is indicative of (RDA, spiral colon)

A

Spiral colon

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19
Q

You palpate a cow in the right side cranial from the pelvis. You feel a movable mass in the abdomen. It is likely

A

Cecum

If not movable then RDA

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20
Q

What aren’t true ruminants

A

Llamas and alpacas

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21
Q

What are some common signs of oral cavity disease

A 
Dysphasia 
Ptyalism (pseudo)
Growths
Odor
Tongue not pulling away
CN deficits
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22
Q

T/F mandibular fractures tend to heal well

A

True- especially young

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23
Q

What is the most common process of teeth and gum pain

A

Trauma and premature wear- incisors and molars

Can also be periodontal dz, prognathism, tumor, tooth root abcess

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24
Q

What can be done for a fibropapilloma

A

Removal and cisplatin injection

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25
Q

What are some causes of a tooth root abscess in a camelid

A

Woody feeds
FB
Poor enamel
Gum dz

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26
Q

What is the best tool used to diagnoses a tooth root abscess

A

CT- also help in tx process
Removal= 90% success, AB (florfenicol)=40%
Radiographs less helpful

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27
Q

Which bacteria are typically found in tooth root abscesses

A

Trueperella pyogenes
Fusobacterium necrophorum
Actinomyces

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28
Q

A sublingual salivary gland duct obstruction occurs where in the mouth

A 
Duct opening just behind incisors 
FB= obstruction
Ptyalism
Inflammatory rxn and swelling
Express and use AB
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29
Q

What is seen with cleft palates

A

Milk running out of nose

Aspiration pneumonia

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30
Q

Orf, contagious ecthyma and sore mouth are caused by what infectious agent

A

Parapoxvirus
Is zoonotic
Scabs on lips feet ears udder
This is the most common skin do in sheep and goats >40% of all flocks

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31
Q 
How is orf transmitted?
A. Direct contact
B. Direct contact through wounds
C. Environmental contact
D. Environmental contact into wounds
A

B and D

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32
Q

T/F Orf tends to need intervention in order to clear the infection

A

False. Self limiting but and give antimicrobial ointment and soft food

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33
Q

What animals can be vaccinated for orf

A

Flocks that have the virus endemically (if not in flock don’t give because MLV)
Give in wool free area on tail thigh axilla
Short lived immunity
Give to pregnant ewes 2 months prior to lambing

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34
Q

What bacteria causes caseous lymphadenitis

A

Corynbacterium pseudoruberculosis

And trueperella pyogenes

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35
Q

T/F sheep tend to get external abscesses while goats get both internal and external when infected with CL

A

False. Sheep get internal and external

Goats only get external

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36
Q

As the CL abscess progresses how does the lesion change

A

Initially pale green serous then becomes thicker

Animals are >6 months

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37
Q

What are some clinical signs of animals infected with internal CL

A 
Weight loss
Poor productivity 
Respiratory distress
Cough
CNS deficits 
Lasts in enviro long time
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38
Q

What is the main benefit of surgical removal of a CL abscess

A

Don’t need to be quarantined but sx is difficult since lesion is right next to carotid a and jugular v
Treated with Draxxin high rate of occurance

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39
Q

Wooden tongue’s clinical signs include

A

Protruding tongue Ptyalism
Dysphasia
Quidding
Low BCS

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40
Q

How is actinobacillus ligniersii spread

A

Abrasion or wounds- this is wooden tongues

Base of tongue is swollen fibrotic modular appearance
Can be spread to humans

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41
Q

How is woody tongue treated

A

Sodium iodide
Systemic plus AB
Prevention = adequate iodine in ration and salt in diet

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42
Q

What do we see in iodine toxicosis

A 
Lacrimation
Nasal discharge
Cough 
Dandruff
Fever 
Poor app.
Abortion?- not proven
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43
Q

Lumpy jaw is causes osteomyelitis of the mandible Which bacteria does this

A

Actinomyces bovis- mixed infections common

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44
Q

T/F lumpy jaw forms a hard immovable non painfail mass

A

True

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45
Q

How is lumpy jaw treated

A

Physical exam
Biopsy
Cultur
X ray

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46
Q

T/F the prognosis for lumpy jaw worsens with developing lesion

A

True

47
Q

What are a common combo of treatments for lumpy jaw

A

Sodium iodide
And concurrent AB (penicillin, florfenicol or oxytetracycline)
Debridement
Prevention is iodide in and salt supplement

48
Q

Necrobacillosis (necrotic stomatitis) occurs in animals around what age

A 
<3 months old
Fusobacterium necrophorum  (fever salivatin dysphasia anorexia foul odor secondary pneumonia)
49
Q

Popular stomatitis is caused by what infectious agent

A

Parapoxvirus

50
Q

Raised lesions in the muzzle oral cavity or nares from papular stomatitis is treated how

A

It’s not
Self limiting
Rarely progresses
Is endemic

51
Q

Infectious bovine rhinitracheitis is caused by what infectious agent. And what are the symptoms

A

Herpes virus BHV 1
Involves respiratory, repro, hyper excitable, ptyalism, coughing, discharge, hyperemia of muzzle and conjunctivitis (winter pink eye) abortion

52
Q

How is IBR is diagnosed via________. And treated with __________.

A

Viral isolation PCR
Serology
Treated with supportive care or AB for 2 infections

53
Q

IBR is prevented with what

A

Vaccination
Closed herd
Biosecurity

54
Q 
Which is false about BVD?
A. Involves resp, reproductive, fetus, IS, GI, systemic disease
B. Immunocompromised 
C. Mucosal disease
D. Dx with PCR ELISA Serology 
E. AB primary treatment
F. Prevented with vaccination
A

E- supportive. 2nd bacterial infection =AB

55
Q

Foot an mouth disease is a reportable disease that is caused by________

A

Picornavirus in 2 toed animals

56
Q 
Which is false about FMD
A. Worldwide concern
B. US eradicated it
C. Spreads quickly 
D. Significant economic loss
E. Often fatal
A

E

57
Q

What are the clinical signs of FMD

A

Fever. Obtunded. Anorexia

Ptyalism lip smacking nasal discharge. Lame. Agalactiae Vesicles or erosions on tongue lips mammary glands and feet

58
Q

How do we diagnose FMD

A

We don’t. Call state vet

59
Q

What are the primary animals that vesicular stomatitis effects

A

Horses and cattle
Swine sheep goats llamas and alpaca also possible
Zoonotic

60
Q

What are some clinical signs of vesicular stomatitis

A

. Obtunded. Anorexia
Ptyalism Decreased milk production. Lame. Agalactiae Vesicles or erosions on tongue lips mammary glands and feet
Similar to FMD but less severe

61
Q

How do we diagnose vesicular stomatitis

A

We don’t call state vet
Rule out blue tongue or MCF
State vet also in charge of treatment (supportive care) limit insects
Vxn possible with state or federal support

62
Q 
Which is not a sign of blue tongue
A. Fever
B. edema of face
C. tyalism
D. hyperemia of oral mucosa
E. cyanosis of tongue
F. nasal discharge 
G. Consitpation
H. Hoove slough 
I. Pulmonary edema
A

G- diarrhea

63
Q

What are the main species that are effected by blue tongue

A

Sheep deer

64
Q

BTV causes vasculitis (vascular endothelial cells). What mainly transmits it

A

Culicoides (early fall and summer) blood transmission

65
Q

Why is serology of BTV not always reliable

A

Cants tell between vaccine and real infection

66
Q

Epizootic hemorrhagic disease is similar to BTV but mostly involves what species

A

White tailed deer
Also other ruminants
Dx with viral isolation PCR

67
Q

Malignant catarrhal fever is caused by what agent

A

Ovine herpes virus 2

68
Q

All ______\ surfaces are affected from malignant catarrhal fever

A

Epithelial
Raised pale foci on surface of kidney and LN enlargement
Bison are very susceptible

69
Q

What are the 4 main signs of esophageal dz

A

Dysphasia
Salivation
Oral regurgitation
Weight loss

70
Q

What is the most common esophageal disorder in ruminants and what are possible causes for it

A

Choke
FB- Apple beet
Intraluminal mass (warts)
Extra luminal mass (tumor, right aortic arch, abscess)
Similar signs as -megaeaophagus pharyngeal dz or cellulitis

71
Q

What are clinical signs of choke

A 
Bloat (complete)
Anxiety
Salivation
Excessive swallowing
Cough
72
Q

What are e common sites for choke obstruction

A 
Oral pharynx
Cervical esophagus 
Thoracic inlet
Base of heart
Cardia
73
Q

How is choke treated

A 
Self cute
Rumen trocarization
Manipulation of FB
Force down to rumen with tube
Eaophagotomy
Slaughter
74
Q

A cow with weight loss regurgitation and esophageal spasms may have

A

Mega esophagus
Uncommon dz
Vagal nerve dysfunction or damage
Supportive tax with no long stem feed

75
Q

What are some viruses that can invade the esophagus

A 
Epitheliotrophic
BVD
MCF
ORF
Papular stomatitis 
Blue tongue
76
Q

How are esophageal diseases treated

A

AB
Anti inflammatory
Flushing
Rumen fistula

77
Q

T/F developmental disorders of forestomaches of ruminants (such as insufficient flora, rumen/C1 putrefaction, pars keratosis and hairballs) are chronic conditions that develop slowly over time.

A

True

78
Q

Which is not a clinical sign of insufficient forestomach flora and motility? AKA haybelly
A. Accumulation of indigestible materials in developing rumen
B. Firm ventral rumen
C. Bloat
D. Silky hair coat

A

D- rough

79
Q

Feeding _____ speeds up rumen development

A

Grain

VFA

80
Q

When are dairy calves, kids and lambs weaned

A

6-8 weeks

Beef is 12-24

81
Q

How is insufficient flora treated

A

Limit access to poor quality forage or bedding
Increase digestible concentrated
Transfaunation
Rumenotomy
Hard to reverse chronic changes-prevent by catching early

82
Q

What is abnormal accumulation of milk/MR in the developing rumen with putrefaction known as

A

Rumen putrefaction
Rumen drinkers
Common in bucket feeding

83
Q

When is rumen putrefaction observed

A

5-6 weeks old

Is a dysfunction of esophageal groove= reflux of milk from abomasum

84
Q

What are some clinical signs of rumen putrefaction? (Bacterial fermentation of milk in rumen)

A

Souring, hyperkeratosis, I’ll thrift, rough hair coat, recurrent bloat, sepsis, diarrhea, toxemia

85
Q 
Which is not a treatment of rumen putrefaction 
A. Go back to milk feeding
B. AB (oral)
C. Transfaunation
D. Treat underlying disease and symptoms
A

A. Want to feed high quality hay and starter

86
Q

Abnormal development as the result of excessive VFA stimulation describes what disease

A

Para keratosis and hyperkeratosis of the developing rumen wall

87
Q

When does parakeratosis occur

A

Butyric acid
Ground grains
Will see ill thrift variable appetite. Bloat and diarrhea
Indivisible animals usually

88
Q

How is paraker and hyperkeratosis of the developing rumen wall treated

A

Increased rough age
Decrease concentrate
Steam flaking

89
Q

Primary abomasal disease with reflux of gastric contents back to rumen leading to secondary ruminitis describes what disease

A

Abomasal reflux with rumen acidosis

90
Q

What are signs of abomasal reflux

A 
I’ll thrift 
Anorexia 
Rumen disfunction 
Bloat
Low ph. High rumen chloride = low chloride in blood. 
Hypokalemia
Metabolic alkalosis 
Ulcers and infection
91
Q

Hairballs (hair, wool, FB) accumulate in the rumen and or abomasum (osmasal oriface, pylorus) occurs because__

A

Animals licking themselves, mothers, seeking fiber (poor roughage), external parasites (lice 1*) salt deficiency
Treated by reducing these and sx removal

92
Q

SARA (subacute rumen acidosis) is caused primary from an excess if ____ in diet

A

Carbohydrate

Moldy feeds
NPN
Pt excess
Lack of rumen adaptation to diet

93
Q

What carb ferments the fastest

A

Wheat and barley > corn> oats

94
Q

Fermentation allows what bacteria to proliferate and form lactic acid

A

Streptococcus bovis

95
Q

What bacteria is a lactate utilizer that normally metabolize lactic acid if rumen adapted

A

Peptostreptococci
With few of these bacteria then unadapted
And makes pH drop below 5

96
Q

A pH below __ destroys normal rumen flora and causes ______ to proliferate and produce more lactic acid

A

5

Lactobacillus sp.

97
Q

A pH

A

4.5

98
Q

SARA is characterized by _____ bouts of depressed rumen pH between 5.2 and 5.6

A 
Repeated 
Most important (common) of all forms of indigestion in ruminants
99
Q

Fresh cow acidosis occurs at what time periods around a cow’s parturition

A

7 days before parturition to 20 days post calving

100
Q

Adapted acidosis occurs 30-150 days in milk and is caused by what dietary problems

A

No functional fiber
High starch
Feed sorting

101
Q

What are symptoms of SARA

A 
Few usually 
Reduced or erratic feed intake
Reduced cud chewing
Diarrhea
Foamy feces
Grain in feces
Laminitis if long term
102
Q

How is SARA diagnosed

A

Depressed milk fat and less fiber intake

Rumenocentesis (sample from ventral sac of rumen)

103
Q

How is SARA prevented

A 
Avoid rapid changes
Fiber in diet
Maintain particle size
Adequate moisture 
Monitor sorting
TMR shouldn’t deviate more than 3-5%
Buffers
104
Q

NH4 lead to a _______ rumen with a pH above 7.5. Upon reabsorption NH4 splits into NH3 and H leading to systemic ______ ______

A

Alkaline

Metabolic Acidosis

105
Q

What can ruminal acidosis be treated with readily

A

Intra ruminal acetic acid (vinegar)

106
Q

What are causes of free gas bloat

A 
Choke
GI rumen atony- toxemia hypocalcemia
Positional changes
Vagal nerve dysfunction
Cardia lesions
107
Q

Which type of bloat is relieved by a tube or trocar

A

Free gas

108
Q

What causes frothy bloat

A

Legumes- soluble protein of legumes
pH 5.5-6 Ca Mg
Grain - surface tension pH

109
Q

An apple shaped abdomen on the left side is a sign of

A

Bloat

110
Q

With bloat what is the motility of the rumen

A

Hypermotile then atony

Colic looking

111
Q

What are other signs of bloat

A 
Dyspnea
Poor pulse
Cyanosis
Maybe ping
Death from cardio pulmonary failure
112
Q

What can be given to both treat and prevent bloat

A

Detergent without bleach. Mineral oil

113
Q

How are ruminants prevented from getting bloat

A

Adapt ruminants to legumes slowly
Feed on legumes after feeding grass then slowly transition
Poloxalene blocks and licks
No apples or onions (choke)

114
Q

What can be given instead of poloxalene but may not work as well

A

Detergent

Equine (10 decks)

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