Ag 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What are some tools or restraints that can be used to examine the oral cavity of a cow
A
Head catch Fist in interdental space Speculum/ Gag Tongue Depressor (torus linguae) Flash light Nose rings
2
Q
Where is the esophagus palapetes in the neck
A
Left side of neck parallel to trachea
3
Q
What percent of cows lying down should be chewing cud
A
50%- watch far away first
4
Q
What is a normal rate of contraction per minute in the rumen of cows
A
1-2
5
Q
What is a normal rate of contraction per minute in the rumen of goats
A
1-4
6
Q
What is a normal rate of contraction per minute in the rumen of camelids
A
Variable (decrease with stress)
7
Q
The stimuli near the reticulum such as the withers punch test should have the cow do what
A
If problem will show pain (also test with knee to side of chest/abdomen)- won’t sink if in pain. Will sink if not painful
Hardware disease.
8
Q
What do we hear on the left side of the abdomen
A
Rumen and LDA
9
Q
What do we hear in the right side of a cow
A
Cecum and spiral colon
10
Q
Pings on the left side can indicate what diseases
A
Rumen bloat
LDA
Pneumoperitoneum
Rumen collapse
11
Q
What abnormalities occur with a ping on the right side
A
Cecal dilation Spiral colon RDA RAV Gas in rectum or colon Gas in uterus Pneumoperitoneum Omental collapse
12
Q
What are some causes for constipation in cows
A
Ketosis
Lead poisoning
Hypocalcemia
Oak bud toxicity
13
Q
What are some causes of dysentery in cows
A
Salmonella C. Perfeingens Anthrax Winter dysentery BVD MCF Coccidia
14
Q
On the scale of 1-5 a feces that is made up of stuff balls of manure would be a score of …
A
5 (poor forage quality)
1= water
3= thick custard
15
Q
What can cause mucin casts
A
Fermentable carbohydrates escape from rumen
16
Q
Bypass fermentation can cause what type of manure
A
Foamy manure
17
Q
Left displaced abomasum is (better/ worse/ the same) than right displaced abomasum
A
Better. Right is more severe
Will sound like water through pipe
18
Q
A ping in the right side of the abdomen is indicative of (RDA, spiral colon)
A
Spiral colon
19
Q
You palpate a cow in the right side cranial from the pelvis. You feel a movable mass in the abdomen. It is likely
A
Cecum
If not movable then RDA
20
Q
What aren’t true ruminants
A
Llamas and alpacas
21
Q
What are some common signs of oral cavity disease
A
Dysphasia Ptyalism (pseudo) Growths Odor Tongue not pulling away CN deficits
22
Q
T/F mandibular fractures tend to heal well
A
True- especially young
23
Q
What is the most common process of teeth and gum pain
A
Trauma and premature wear- incisors and molars
Can also be periodontal dz, prognathism, tumor, tooth root abcess
24
Q
What can be done for a fibropapilloma
A
Removal and cisplatin injection
25
What are some causes of a tooth root abscess in a camelid
Woody feeds
FB
Poor enamel
Gum dz
26
What is the best tool used to diagnoses a tooth root abscess
CT- also help in tx process
Removal= 90% success, AB (florfenicol)=40%
Radiographs less helpful
27
Which bacteria are typically found in tooth root abscesses
Trueperella pyogenes
Fusobacterium necrophorum
Actinomyces
28
A sublingual salivary gland duct obstruction occurs where in the mouth
```
Duct opening just behind incisors
FB= obstruction
Ptyalism
Inflammatory rxn and swelling
Express and use AB
```
29
What is seen with cleft palates
Milk running out of nose
| Aspiration pneumonia
30
Orf, contagious ecthyma and sore mouth are caused by what infectious agent
Parapoxvirus
Is zoonotic
Scabs on lips feet ears udder
This is the most common skin do in sheep and goats >40% of all flocks
31
```
How is orf transmitted?
A. Direct contact
B. Direct contact through wounds
C. Environmental contact
D. Environmental contact into wounds
```
B and D
32
T/F Orf tends to need intervention in order to clear the infection
False. Self limiting but and give antimicrobial ointment and soft food
33
What animals can be vaccinated for orf
Flocks that have the virus endemically (if not in flock don’t give because MLV)
Give in wool free area on tail thigh axilla
Short lived immunity
Give to pregnant ewes 2 months prior to lambing
34
What bacteria causes caseous lymphadenitis
Corynbacterium pseudoruberculosis
| And trueperella pyogenes
35
T/F sheep tend to get external abscesses while goats get both internal and external when infected with CL
False. Sheep get internal and external
| Goats only get external
36
As the CL abscess progresses how does the lesion change
Initially pale green serous then becomes thicker
| Animals are >6 months
37
What are some clinical signs of animals infected with internal CL
```
Weight loss
Poor productivity
Respiratory distress
Cough
CNS deficits
Lasts in enviro long time
```
38
What is the main benefit of surgical removal of a CL abscess
Don’t need to be quarantined but sx is difficult since lesion is right next to carotid a and jugular v
Treated with Draxxin high rate of occurance
39
Wooden tongue’s clinical signs include
Protruding tongue Ptyalism
Dysphasia
Quidding
Low BCS
40
How is actinobacillus ligniersii spread
Abrasion or wounds- this is wooden tongues
Base of tongue is swollen fibrotic modular appearance
Can be spread to humans
41
How is woody tongue treated
Sodium iodide
Systemic plus AB
Prevention = adequate iodine in ration and salt in diet
42
What do we see in iodine toxicosis
```
Lacrimation
Nasal discharge
Cough
Dandruff
Fever
Poor app.
Abortion?- not proven
```
43
Lumpy jaw is causes osteomyelitis of the mandible Which bacteria does this
Actinomyces bovis- mixed infections common
44
T/F lumpy jaw forms a hard immovable non painfail mass
True
45
How is lumpy jaw treated
Physical exam
Biopsy
Cultur
X ray
46
T/F the prognosis for lumpy jaw worsens with developing lesion
True
47
What are a common combo of treatments for lumpy jaw
Sodium iodide
And concurrent AB (penicillin, florfenicol or oxytetracycline)
Debridement
Prevention is iodide in and salt supplement
48
Necrobacillosis (necrotic stomatitis) occurs in animals around what age
```
<3 months old
Fusobacterium necrophorum (fever salivatin dysphasia anorexia foul odor secondary pneumonia)
```
49
Popular stomatitis is caused by what infectious agent
Parapoxvirus
50
Raised lesions in the muzzle oral cavity or nares from papular stomatitis is treated how
It’s not
Self limiting
Rarely progresses
Is endemic
51
Infectious bovine rhinitracheitis is caused by what infectious agent. And what are the symptoms
Herpes virus BHV 1
Involves respiratory, repro, hyper excitable, ptyalism, coughing, discharge, hyperemia of muzzle and conjunctivitis (winter pink eye) abortion
52
How is IBR is diagnosed via________. And treated with __________.
Viral isolation PCR
Serology
Treated with supportive care or AB for 2 infections
53
IBR is prevented with what
Vaccination
Closed herd
Biosecurity
54
```
Which is false about BVD?
A. Involves resp, reproductive, fetus, IS, GI, systemic disease
B. Immunocompromised
C. Mucosal disease
D. Dx with PCR ELISA Serology
E. AB primary treatment
F. Prevented with vaccination
```
E- supportive. 2nd bacterial infection =AB
55
Foot an mouth disease is a reportable disease that is caused by________
Picornavirus in 2 toed animals
56
```
Which is false about FMD
A. Worldwide concern
B. US eradicated it
C. Spreads quickly
D. Significant economic loss
E. Often fatal
```
E
57
What are the clinical signs of FMD
Fever. Obtunded. Anorexia
| Ptyalism lip smacking nasal discharge. Lame. Agalactiae Vesicles or erosions on tongue lips mammary glands and feet
58
How do we diagnose FMD
We don’t. Call state vet
59
What are the primary animals that vesicular stomatitis effects
Horses and cattle
Swine sheep goats llamas and alpaca also possible
Zoonotic
60
What are some clinical signs of vesicular stomatitis
. Obtunded. Anorexia
Ptyalism Decreased milk production. Lame. Agalactiae Vesicles or erosions on tongue lips mammary glands and feet
Similar to FMD but less severe
61
How do we diagnose vesicular stomatitis
We don’t call state vet
Rule out blue tongue or MCF
State vet also in charge of treatment (supportive care) limit insects
Vxn possible with state or federal support
62
```
Which is not a sign of blue tongue
A. Fever
B. edema of face
C. tyalism
D. hyperemia of oral mucosa
E. cyanosis of tongue
F. nasal discharge
G. Consitpation
H. Hoove slough
I. Pulmonary edema
```
G- diarrhea
63
What are the main species that are effected by blue tongue
Sheep deer
64
BTV causes vasculitis (vascular endothelial cells). What mainly transmits it
Culicoides (early fall and summer) blood transmission
65
Why is serology of BTV not always reliable
Cants tell between vaccine and real infection
66
Epizootic hemorrhagic disease is similar to BTV but mostly involves what species
White tailed deer
Also other ruminants
Dx with viral isolation PCR
67
Malignant catarrhal fever is caused by what agent
Ovine herpes virus 2
68
All ______\ surfaces are affected from malignant catarrhal fever
Epithelial
Raised pale foci on surface of kidney and LN enlargement
Bison are very susceptible
69
What are the 4 main signs of esophageal dz
Dysphasia
Salivation
Oral regurgitation
Weight loss
70
What is the most common esophageal disorder in ruminants and what are possible causes for it
Choke
FB- Apple beet
Intraluminal mass (warts)
Extra luminal mass (tumor, right aortic arch, abscess)
Similar signs as -megaeaophagus pharyngeal dz or cellulitis
71
What are clinical signs of choke
```
Bloat (complete)
Anxiety
Salivation
Excessive swallowing
Cough
```
72
What are e common sites for choke obstruction
```
Oral pharynx
Cervical esophagus
Thoracic inlet
Base of heart
Cardia
```
73
How is choke treated
```
Self cute
Rumen trocarization
Manipulation of FB
Force down to rumen with tube
Eaophagotomy
Slaughter
```
74
A cow with weight loss regurgitation and esophageal spasms may have
Mega esophagus
Uncommon dz
Vagal nerve dysfunction or damage
Supportive tax with no long stem feed
75
What are some viruses that can invade the esophagus
```
Epitheliotrophic
BVD
MCF
ORF
Papular stomatitis
Blue tongue
```
76
How are esophageal diseases treated
AB
Anti inflammatory
Flushing
Rumen fistula
77
T/F developmental disorders of forestomaches of ruminants (such as insufficient flora, rumen/C1 putrefaction, pars keratosis and hairballs) are chronic conditions that develop slowly over time.
True
78
Which is not a clinical sign of insufficient forestomach flora and motility? AKA haybelly
A. Accumulation of indigestible materials in developing rumen
B. Firm ventral rumen
C. Bloat
D. Silky hair coat
D- rough
79
Feeding _____ speeds up rumen development
Grain
| VFA
80
When are dairy calves, kids and lambs weaned
6-8 weeks
Beef is 12-24
81
How is insufficient flora treated
Limit access to poor quality forage or bedding
Increase digestible concentrated
Transfaunation
Rumenotomy
Hard to reverse chronic changes-prevent by catching early
82
What is abnormal accumulation of milk/MR in the developing rumen with putrefaction known as
Rumen putrefaction
Rumen drinkers
Common in bucket feeding
83
When is rumen putrefaction observed
5-6 weeks old
| Is a dysfunction of esophageal groove= reflux of milk from abomasum
84
What are some clinical signs of rumen putrefaction? (Bacterial fermentation of milk in rumen)
Souring, hyperkeratosis, I’ll thrift, rough hair coat, recurrent bloat, sepsis, diarrhea, toxemia
85
```
Which is not a treatment of rumen putrefaction
A. Go back to milk feeding
B. AB (oral)
C. Transfaunation
D. Treat underlying disease and symptoms
```
A. Want to feed high quality hay and starter
86
Abnormal development as the result of excessive VFA stimulation describes what disease
Para keratosis and hyperkeratosis of the developing rumen wall
87
When does parakeratosis occur
Butyric acid
Ground grains
Will see ill thrift variable appetite. Bloat and diarrhea
Indivisible animals usually
88
How is paraker and hyperkeratosis of the developing rumen wall treated
Increased rough age
Decrease concentrate
Steam flaking
89
Primary abomasal disease with reflux of gastric contents back to rumen leading to secondary ruminitis describes what disease
Abomasal reflux with rumen acidosis
90
What are signs of abomasal reflux
```
I’ll thrift
Anorexia
Rumen disfunction
Bloat
Low ph. High rumen chloride = low chloride in blood.
Hypokalemia
Metabolic alkalosis
Ulcers and infection
```
91
Hairballs (hair, wool, FB) accumulate in the rumen and or abomasum (osmasal oriface, pylorus) occurs because__
Animals licking themselves, mothers, seeking fiber (poor roughage), external parasites (lice 1*) salt deficiency
Treated by reducing these and sx removal
92
SARA (subacute rumen acidosis) is caused primary from an excess if ____ in diet
Carbohydrate
Moldy feeds
NPN
Pt excess
Lack of rumen adaptation to diet
93
What carb ferments the fastest
Wheat and barley > corn> oats
94
Fermentation allows what bacteria to proliferate and form lactic acid
Streptococcus bovis
95
What bacteria is a lactate utilizer that normally metabolize lactic acid if rumen adapted
Peptostreptococci
With few of these bacteria then unadapted
And makes pH drop below 5
96
A pH below __ destroys normal rumen flora and causes ______ to proliferate and produce more lactic acid
5
| Lactobacillus sp.
97
A pH
4.5
98
SARA is characterized by _____ bouts of depressed rumen pH between 5.2 and 5.6
```
Repeated
Most important (common) of all forms of indigestion in ruminants
```
99
Fresh cow acidosis occurs at what time periods around a cow’s parturition
7 days before parturition to 20 days post calving
100
Adapted acidosis occurs 30-150 days in milk and is caused by what dietary problems
No functional fiber
High starch
Feed sorting
101
What are symptoms of SARA
```
Few usually
Reduced or erratic feed intake
Reduced cud chewing
Diarrhea
Foamy feces
Grain in feces
Laminitis if long term
```
102
How is SARA diagnosed
Depressed milk fat and less fiber intake
| Rumenocentesis (sample from ventral sac of rumen)
103
How is SARA prevented
```
Avoid rapid changes
Fiber in diet
Maintain particle size
Adequate moisture
Monitor sorting
TMR shouldn’t deviate more than 3-5%
Buffers
```
104
NH4 lead to a _______ rumen with a pH above 7.5. Upon reabsorption NH4 splits into NH3 and H leading to systemic ______ ______
Alkaline
| Metabolic Acidosis
105
What can ruminal acidosis be treated with readily
Intra ruminal acetic acid (vinegar)
106
What are causes of free gas bloat
```
Choke
GI rumen atony- toxemia hypocalcemia
Positional changes
Vagal nerve dysfunction
Cardia lesions
```
107
Which type of bloat is relieved by a tube or trocar
Free gas
108
What causes frothy bloat
Legumes- soluble protein of legumes
pH 5.5-6 Ca Mg
Grain - surface tension pH
109
An apple shaped abdomen on the left side is a sign of
Bloat
110
With bloat what is the motility of the rumen
Hypermotile then atony
| Colic looking
111
What are other signs of bloat
```
Dyspnea
Poor pulse
Cyanosis
Maybe ping
Death from cardio pulmonary failure
```
112
What can be given to both treat and prevent bloat
Detergent without bleach. Mineral oil
113
How are ruminants prevented from getting bloat
Adapt ruminants to legumes slowly
Feed on legumes after feeding grass then slowly transition
Poloxalene blocks and licks
No apples or onions (choke)
114
What can be given instead of poloxalene but may not work as well
Detergent
