Aeromed Flashcards
Aviation Medicine Orientation
AAMA is short for:
US Army Aeromedical Activity
Aviation Medicine Orientation
US Army Aeromedical Activity reviews and recommends ________ for continued flight status of RA, AR, and NG soldiers.
Flight physicals
Aviation Medicine Orientation
US Army saftey center investigates all ________ and select _______ accidents and writes safety policy for the Army.
Class A and B mishabs , *******
Aviation Medicine Orientation
USAARL is short for:
US Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory
Aviation Medicine Orientation
US Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory conducts research in the effects of _______ factors in the aviation enviroment and the development of ___________.
Exogenous , Environmental life support
Aviation Medicine Orientation
USASAM is short for:
Us Army School of Aviation Medicine
Aviation Medicine Orientation
Us Army School of Aviation Medicine conducts training for all _______ and ______ crew members.
Rated , Non-rated
Aviation Medicine Orientation
______ , ______ , ______ , are members of the aviation medicine healthcare program
*** , *****
Aviation Medicine Orientation
FDME is short for:
Flight Duty Med Exam
Aviation Medicine Orientation
The two broad categories of FDME are _______ , and ______
Initial , Comprehensive
- And the 5y exam.
Aviation Medicine Orientation
True/False: The flight surgeon is the final approval authority of the Da Form 4185 (now 2992 - the Upslip).
False - The Commander is
Aviation Medicine Orientation
A permanent disqualification is one that will likely take longer than _____ days.
365 Days
Aviation Medicine Orientation
A crew member may request _____ extension each annual period.
And for how long?
One
One month
Aviation Medicine Orientation
True/False: A FDHS is only completed every 5 years?
False - Every year
Aviation Medicine Orientation
Aviation Resource management surveys are conducted by ______.
USASAM
Aviation Medicine Orientation
The duties and responsibilities of the FS and APA as part of the healthcare team are ______ , ______ , ______ , ______.
** , ** , ** , **
Aviation Medicine Orientation
The aeromedical psychologist responsibilities as part of the health care team are ______ , ______ , ______.
Clinical support , *** , ***
Aviation Medicine Orientation
Rate whom are Rated crewmembers and not:
Flight Surgeon
Aeromedical physician assistant
Psycologist
Flight Surgeon - Rated
Aeromedical physician assistant - Non
Psycologist - Non
Aviation Medicine Orientation
The “Aviation Medicine Program” primary goal is:
Preventive medicine
Aviation Medicine Orientation
Initial FDME is valid for? (normally and maximum)
12 months normally, 18 Months max
Aviation Medicine Orientation
at what interval is the Comprehensive FDME performed?
Every 5 years (between 20-49 years old)
After that every year
Aviation Medicine Orientation
Who will be in Class 1 FDME?
Pilot students
Aviation Medicine Orientation
Who will be in Class 2 FDME?
Trained aviators, flight surgeons, DAC pilots and APAs/AMNPs
Aviation Medicine Orientation
Who will be in Class 3 FDME?
Non-rated crew members
Aviation Medicine Orientation
Who will be in Class 4 FDME?
Air Traffic Controllers
Aviation Medicine Orientation
Who is required to maintain a DD form 2992?
All military and civilian personnel on flight status.
Aviators in a non-operational position:
- Desk job
- Simulator flying positions
Aviation Medicine Orientation
Define Temporary Disqualification:
Aeromedical condition likely to result in requalification within 365 days.
Aviation Medicine Orientation
Permanent Disqualification
Aeromedical condition NOT likely to result in requalification within 365 days.
Aviation Medicine Orientation
Grounding time for:
Anesthesia (general) Anesthesia (Local) Alcohol Immunization Blood and plasma donations
Altitude chamber run of 25,000 ft or higher
SCUBA diving
Simulator sickness
Centrifuge runs
Anesthesia (general) - 48 hr Anesthesia (Local) - 12 hr Alcohol - 12 hr or no symptoms Immunization - 12 hr Blood and plasma donations - 72/24 hr
Altitude chamber run of 25,000 ft or higher - 24 hr
SCUBA diving - 24 hr
Simulator sickness - 12 hr
Centrifuge runs - 6 hr
Aviation Medicine Orientation
Medicine Class 1 covers what type of medicine?
Over-The-Counter (OTC) medications
Occasional and infrequent use
Aviation Medicine Orientation
Medicine Class 2A covers what type of medicine?
Require a prescription
Short-term use
Under supervision of a FS/APA
Aviation Medicine Orientation
Medicine Class 2B covers what type of medicine?
Require prescription
Short-term or chronic use
Under supervision of a FS/APA
Medical condition may require a waiver
Must be noted on FDME
First time use ground for 24 hours
Aviation Medicine Orientation
Medicine Class 3 covers what type of medicine?
Require prescription
Requires a waiver for underlying medical condition
Aviation Medicine Orientation
Medicine Class 4 covers what type of medicine?
Grounds the aircrew member
Not-waiverable
Gravitational Forces
The measure of the magnitude of an accelerative force with respect to gravity at the earths surface is _____.
9.81 m/s^2 or 32.2 ft/s^2 or 1G
Gravitational Forces
______ is a reduction in the velocity of a moving body with respect to time.
Deceleration
Gravitational Forces
______ is the resistance to a change in state of rest or motion.
Inertial Force
Gravitational Forces
The ______ identifies the direction in which the body receives accelerative forces.
Triaxial reference system
Gravitational Forces
The greater the ______ the more servere the effects of accelerative forces.
intensity
Gravitational Forces
The longer the force is applied, the more the severe the effect is the definition of ______.
Duration
Gravitational Forces
Lateral accelerations in the _____ axis are the most lethal to aircraft and crewmen.
G_y
Gravitational Forces
The physiological effects of high magnitude accelerations are _____ , _____ , _____ , _____ and _____.
Minor discomfort , Minor Injury , incapacitation , irreversible injury , lethal
Gravitational Forces
Aircrew members experience mild transverse accelerations during _____ , _____
Ldg , T/O
Gravitational Forces
The aircraft design features that enhance crash survivability are _____ , _____ , _____ , _____ and _____.
Container , Restraint , Environment , Energy absorption , Post crash factors
Gravitational Forces
The primary source of high magnitude accelerations and decelerations are ______.
A/C crashes
Gravitational Forces
The up/down axis is called:
Gz
20G / -15G
Gravitational Forces
The forward/backward axis is called:
Gx
80G / -40G
Gravitational Forces
The left/right axis is called:
Gy
9G / -9G
Gravitational Forces
Define Low Magnitude Accelerations:
G’s that range from 1 – 10 G’s and lasting for several seconds.
Gravitational Forces
Redout occurs between:
Negative 2.5-3 G
Gravitational Forces
Grayout occurs between:
Positive 2.5-4.0 G
Gravitational Forces
Blackout occurs between:
Positive 4.0-4.5 G
Gravitational Forces
G-LOC occurs after:
Positive 4.5 G
Gravitational Forces
Define High Magnitude Accelerations:
G-forces exceeding 10 G’s and lasting less than a second.
Spatial Disorientation
The sensory inputs the provide orientation and equilibrium are the _____ , _____ , and _____ systems.
Visual , Vestibular , Proprioreceptive
Spatial Disorientation
A false perception of reality caused by the conflict of orientation information from one or more mechanisms of the equilibrium is a ______.
Sensory illusion
Spatial Disorientation
The _____ system is the most important/dominant sense providing orientation.
Visual
Spatial Disorientation
_____ or _____ vision allows us to perceive images clearly.
Focal , Central
Spatial Disorientation
_____ is the falsely perceived self-motion in relation to the motion of another object.
Relative motion
Spatial Disorientation
_____ is the most important function of the vestibular system
Visual tracking
Spatial Disorientation
_____ illusions are produced when the body is subjected to gravito-inertial forces
Spatial Disorientation
True/False: Type 3 (Incapacitating) spatial disorientation is the most dangerous type of spatial disorientation?
False - Type 1 (Unrecognized) is
Spatial Disorientation
The most important measure to reduce the possibility of spatial disorientation is ______.
Training
Spatial Disorientation
The _____ Is the most common form of spatial disorientation.
Leans
Spatial Disorientation
The semicircular canals will not detect the roll if the rate is less than _____.
2*
Spatial Disorientation
Define spatial disorientation:
The inability to determine one’s position, attitude and motion relative the earth or significant objects.
Spatial Disorientation
Define vertigo:
The sensation that everything is spinning around the person and is the opposite of dizziness which is the sensation that one is spinning in a stationary place - used to explain most types of spatial disorientation.
Spatial Disorientation
Define sensory illusion:
False perception of reality caused by the conflict of orientation information from one or more mechanisms of equilibrium.
Spatial Disorientation
Fire Fire Fire CRASH CSAR is short for:
Fascination / Fixation
False horizons
Flicker vertigo
Confusion with ground lights
Relative motion
Altered planes of reference
Structural illusions
Height depth perception illusion
Crater illusion
Size-distance illusion
Autokinesis
Reversible perspective
Spatial Disorientation
Fire Fire Fire CRASH CSAR is short for:
Fascination / Fixation
False horizons
Flicker vertigo
Confusion with ground lights
Relative motion
Altered planes of reference
Structural illusions
Height depth perception illusion
Crater illusion
Size-distance illusion
Autokinesis
Reversible perspective
Spatial Disorientation
What is the purpose of the Otolith organs?
Linear acceleration and deceleration
Spatial Disorientation
Describe “the leans”
Pilot banking with less than 2*/sec and not realising
Spatial Disorientation
Derscribe “Graveyard Spin”
A/C goes into spin without visual references, recovers, starts spin in the other direction.
Spatial Disorientation
Derscribe “Coriolis illusion”
Pilot enters a turn
stimulating one
semicircular canal
Pilot makes a head movement in a different geometrical plane stimulating a second and/or third semicircular canal
Spatial Disorientation
The 3 types of Somatogravic Illusions are:
Oculoagravic:
- Rapid downward motion of aircraft
Eyes shift upward
Elevator:
- Occurs during sudden upward acceleration
Eyes gaze downward
Oculogravic:
while acceleration and deceleration
Visual System
The _____ is the transparent protective tissue located over the front of the eye.
Cornea
Visual System
The _____ is the opening in the center of the iris. It allows light to enter the eye.
Pupil
Visual System
The _____ is a transparent, biconvex membrane the directs light rays entering the pupil upon the retina.
Crystalline lens
Visual System
The day blind spot covers _____ to _____ degrees while the night blind spot covers an area of _____ to _____ degrees.
5.5 , 7.5
5 , 10
Visual System
_____ compensates for the night blindspot.
The other eye
Visual System
An unequal curvature of the corona resulting in the inability of the eye to focus on multiple objects simultaneously in the horizontal axis and vertigal planes are ______.
Astigmatism.
Visual System
Astigmatism occurs with the aging process and results in the hardening of the lens _____.
Visual System
The three types of vision are _____ , _____ , _____.
Photopic (daylight)
Mesiphic (dusk/dawn)
Scotopic (night)
Visual System
Eating a balanced nutritious diet vil provide sufficient amounts of vitamin A which is required for the production of _____.
Rhodopsin
Visual System
The apparent relative motion of stationary objects as viewed by a moving observer is _____.
Motion parallax
Visual System
Average time to dark adapt is _____ - _____ minutes for a well rested aviator.
30 , 45
Visual System
Describe what Cone cells are:
Used in periods of bright light
Identifies colors
Sharp visual acuity and color sense
7 million in fovea and parafoveal regions
1:1 ratio of cone cells to neuron cells
Produces Iodopsin
Visual System
Describe what Rod cells are:
Used in periods of low ambient light and darkness
Identifies outline of shapes and silhouettes
Poor color sense and visual acuity
120 million rod cells
10:1 to 10,000:1ratio of rod cells to neuron cells
Produces Rhodopsin (Visual Purple)
Visual System
The three types of Visual Deficiencies are:
Myopia: Nearsightedness
Hyperopia: Farsightedness
Presbyopia: (aging) Hardening of lens, loss of elasticity
Visual System
Which Refractive Surgeries are allowable (in US - not DK)
PRK – Photorefractive Keratectomy
LASIK – Laser in Situ Keratomileusis
LASEK – Laser Subepithelial Keratomileusis
Visual System
Self-imposed Stresses covers: (DEATH)
Drugs
Exhaustion
Alcohol
Tobacco
Hypoglycemia
Aviation Toxicology
_____ is anything capable of producing an adverse health effect on a worker.
Occupational hazard
Aviation Toxicology
_____ is a long term exposure to an agent or series of repeated exposures to an agent that lead to adverse health changes.
Chronic exposure
Aviation Toxicology
_____ is exposure of an agent over a short period of time that can cause adverse health changes.
Acute Exposure
Aviation Toxicology
There are 3 principle ways a toxin can enter the body they are _____ , _____ and _____
Inhalation , Ingestion , Absorption
Aviation Toxicology
How long a toxin is kept in the body is _____.
Retention
Aviation Toxicology
_____ is how quickly the body rids itself of the toxin.
Excretion
Aviation Toxicology
The three environmental principals of toxicity are _____ , _____ and _____.
Atmospheric , Temperature , Humidity
Aviation Toxicology
Three physiological principles the determine a response to a toxin are _____ , _____ and _____.
Genetics , Metabolism , Bodyfat
Aviation Toxicology
_____ is an odorless, tasteless and colorless vapor produced by the incomplete combustion of any fuel.
CO
Aviation Toxicology
True/False: Plastics release NO harmfull chemicals when burned.
False - they do
Aviation Toxicology
True/False: The primary hazard with fibers is absorption.
False - Inhalation is
Aviation Toxicology
The effects of a toxin on the body depend on the _____, and the _____ of the exposure.
Dose , Duration
Aviation Toxicology
TLV is short for:
Threshold Limit Values
Concentrations of a chemical that will produce no effects to individuals who are exposed for 8 hours a day
Aviation Toxicology
TLV-STEL is short for:
Short Term Exposure Limits
Concentration of chemicals that are allowed for exposure times of 15 minutes during the work day
Aviation Toxicology
TLV-C is short for:
Ceiling Concentration
Concentration of a chemical that must never be exceeded during any part of the workday
Aviation Toxicology
6 toxic substances in aviation are:
Aviation fuels and fuel combustion products
Solvents and degreasers
Lubricants
Hydraulic fluids
Fire extinguishers
Composites and plastics
Stress and fatigue
True/False: Stress involves a physical or body response?
True
Stress and fatigue
The to physical changes of stress that we control are _____ and _____
Breathing , Muscle tension
Stress and fatigue
The belief that if you dont have it all, you have nothing is _____.
All or nothing thinking
Stress and fatigue
Improper use of _____ can have effects that threaten safety
Drugs
Stress and fatigue
The cognitive abilities crew members rely on to successfully perform their mission are _____ , _____ , _____ , _____ and _____.
Psychomotor abilities , Memory , Judgement , Priority of tasks , Memories
Stress and fatigue
The four stress coping methods are _____ , _____ , _____ , _____.
Minimizing stressores , Learn to relax , Change thinking , Ventilating stress
Stress and fatigue
It can take _____ , _____ minutes to fully recover from sleep inertia and gain a full level of alertness.
20 , 30
Stress and fatigue
True/False: Crew members may be in therapy or counseling and maintain flight status as long their symptoms are not a flight safety issue.
True
Stress and fatigue
True/False: Alcohol should be used as a sleep aid.
False
Stress and fatigue
The nonspecific response of the body to any demand placed on it is the definition of _____.
Stress
Stress and fatigue
Factors that may decrease one’s vulnerability to combat stress are _____ , _____ , _____ and _____.
Confidence , Competence , Cohesion , Control
Stress and fatigue
The _____ cycle causes you to be at your peak level of alertness between the hours of _____ and _____.
Circadian , 0800 , 1200
Stress and fatigue
Define stress
“The nonspecific response of the body to any
demand placed upon it”
Stress and fatigue
What are the 9 physical responses in relation to stress?
Increased heart rate
Shortness of breath
Muscle tension
Sleep problems
Increased blood pressure Gastrointestinal distress Trembling Increase in adrenaline Sweaty palms
Stress and fatigue
The 6 behavioral signs of stress?
Late to work Poor performance Explosiveness Alcohol and/or other drug abuse Social isolation Suicide
Stress and fatigue
The 8 emotionel signs of stress?
Irritability Hostility Anger Anxiety Sadness Loss of self-esteem Feelings of helplessness Suppressed emotions
Stress and fatigue
The 5 mental signs of stress?
Obsession or excessive worrying Decreased attention Impaired memory poor judgment Poor psychomotor coordination
Stress and fatigue
What are the 4 types of stressors?
Psychosocial
- External things that happen and impact you emotionally
Cognitive (Mental)
- Internal ways you think and approach situations
Physiological
- Your physical state and health
Environmental
Stress and fatigue
Define combat stress:
All the physiological and emotional stresses encountered as a direct result of the dangers and mission demands of combat
Stress and fatigue
The 6 long term stress reactions:
Flashbacks
Sleep problems
Social isolation
Hyper-alertness
Alcohol or drug abuse
Problems trusting others
Stress and fatigue
Define fatigue:
The state of feeling tired, weary, or sleepy that results from periods of anxiety, exposure to harsh environment, or loss of sleep.
Stress and fatigue
7 Signs and symptoms of fatigue:
Attention / concentration difficult
Feel or appear dull and sluggish
Accuracy, timing, and ability to reason logically degrade
General attempt to conserve energy
Feel or appear careless, uncoordinated, confused, or irritable
Social interactions decline
Involuntary lapses into sleep begin to occur
Stress and fatigue
List the 5 stages of sleep
Stage 1 = Transition between awake and sleep
Stage 2 = light sleep stage
Stages 3 and 4 = deep sleep, also called “slow wave”
Stage 5 = Rapid Eye Movement (REM)
Stress and fatigue
What is sleep inertia?
Short-term grogginess right after awaking
Stress and fatigue
At what intervals does the circadian cycle increase and decrease?
24 hour cycle 0800 - 1200 hrs. Peak 1300 - 1500 hrs. Decrease 1500 - 2100 hrs. Increase 2100 + decrease to sleep
Stress and fatigue
3 types of sleep disruption:
Circadian disruptions
Intentional sleep restriction
Personal habits (poor sleep habits)
Stress and fatigue
What are optimal napping times?
2-4 hr
Noise and Vibrations
_____ is the mechanical radiant energy that is transmitted by _____ waves in a material medium and is the objective cause of hearing.
Sound , Longitudinal pressure
Noise and Vibrations
True/False: Sound can be transmitted through any elastic substance such as air, water, or bone.
True
Noise and Vibrations
_____ occurs when noise masks and obscures words.
Speech interference
Noise and Vibrations
Hearing loss can occur due to exposure to noise that is above safe limits and damage may be either _____ or _____.
Temporary , Permanent
Noise and Vibrations
Impulse noise is usually _____; therefore acoustic trauma is usually _____
Predictable , Preventable
Noise and Vibrations
_____ is characterized as how long you are exposed to noise.
Duration
Noise and Vibrations
True/False: In most cases conductive hearing loss can be treated medically.
True
Noise and Vibrations
_____ are the most practical end economical method available for noise protection,
Personal protection devises
Noise and Vibrations
True/False: If the HGU-56P and IHADSS are worn properly the noise attenuation brings the noise exposure within the confines of risk criteria for every aircraft.
False
Noise and Vibrations
_____ is tha maximum displacement of an object from its point of rest.
Magnitude
Noise and Vibrations
True/False: Environmental factors such as turbulence may also intensify vibrations.
True
Noise and Vibrations
Aircrew members may suffer from _____ at an earlier age than normal.
Back pain
Noise and Vibrations
Define sound:
Sound is mechanical radiant energy that is transmitted by longitudinal pressure waves in a material medium (such as air) and is the objective cause of hearing.
Noise and Vibrations
Define Noise:
Sound that is:
Loud (perception of the listener)
Unpleasant
Unwanted
Noise and Vibrations
3 Measurable characteristics of noise:
Frequency
Intensity
Duration
Noise and Vibrations
What gives sound quality and pitch?
Frequency
Noise and Vibrations
The human hearing ranged from _____ to _____ Hz
20 , 20,000
Noise and Vibrations
Define intensity:
A measure that correlates sound pressure to loudness
Noise and Vibrations
The damage-risk noise limit is?
85 db
Noise and Vibrations
what is steady noise?
Continuous noise at high intensity
Noise and Vibrations
What is impulsive noise
Explosive noise, High intensity and low duration
Noise and Vibrations
What are the 3 types of hearing loss?
Conductive Hearing Loss
Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Mixed
Noise and Vibrations
What are the 2 types of Noise Induced Hearing Loss?
Temporary Threshold Shift (TTS)
Permanent Threshold Shift (PTS)
Noise and Vibrations
3 types of noise in the army a/c
Overall noise levels are equal to or exceed 100 dB’s
Most intense noise below 300 Hz
Low frequency noise will produce high frequency hearing loss
Noise and Vibrations
Types of noise protection - a/c and personel.
Aircraft design, silent operation or noise suppression
Isolate, distance or enclose source (insulate)
Personal protective equipment (most economical and practical)
Attenuation: noise reduction amount
Speech intelligibility increased due to noise reduction
Maximum attenuation is ~50 dB; due to bone conduction
Noise and Vibrations
Define Vibration:
The motion of an object relative to a reference position (object at rest) involving series of oscillations resulting in the displacement and acceleration of the object
Noise and Vibrations
Vibration terminology (5 things):
Frequency Amplitude Duration Natural Body Resonance Damping
Noise and Vibrations
Damping is:
Loss of mechanical energy in a vibrating system
Noise and Vibrations
3 different sources of vibration:
Increased air speed
Internal and external loading
Environmental factors (turbulence)
Noise and Vibrations
Short term physical effects of vibration:
Fatigue Respiratory effects Circulatory effects Motion sickness Disorientation Pain
Noise and Vibrations
Long term Physical effects of vibration:
Raynaud’s Disease
Backache/back pain
Kidney and lung damage
Noise and Vibrations
How can you reduce the effects of vibration in the a/c?
Good posture during flight promotes good circulation
Restraint systems provide protection against high magnitude vibration during extreme turbulence
Maintain your aircraft (rotor blade tracking/balancing)