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Pilot Prep > Aerodynamics, Systems and Performance > Flashcards

Aerodynamics, Systems and Performance Flashcards

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Charter Pilot (Part 135) - Oral flashcards
1
Q

Requirements for Vr

A

Must not be less than: 1.05 Vmca; V1; A speed that ensures that V2 is reached at the required screen height following an engine failure.

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2
Q

What colour are pressurised oxygen tanks?

A

Green

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3
Q

Requirements for V2:

A

V2 must not be lower than 1.2 Vs and 1.1 Vmca.

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4
Q

What is Vb?

A

The maximum airspeed at which a sudden gust of wind will not over-stress the aircraft.

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5
Q

Which types of hydraulic fluid are coloured: blue; red; purple/green/amber?

A

Blue: Vegetable based; Red: Mineral based; Purple/Green/Amber: Synthetic

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6
Q

Dry V1 vs Wet V1

A

A wet V1 is lower than dry V1. A wet V1 increases emergency stopping distance due to reduced braking ability and slower acceleration so longer TORR required.

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7
Q

Regarding Pavement classifications, how is calculation method described?

A

T:Technical Evaluation; U:Using aircraft experience

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8
Q

Regarding Pavement classifications, how is pavement type described?

A

R:Rigid; F:Flexible

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9
Q

What is the purpose of a yaw damper?

A

Reduce the effects of dutch roll.

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10
Q

Formula for SAR?

A

SAR=Fuel Flow/TAS

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11
Q

What is Wave Drag?

A

Drag caused by the shockwave generated turbulent boundary layer.

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12
Q

Requirements for V1:

A

V1 must be greater than or equal to Vmcg, Less than or equal to Vr, Less than or equal to Vmbe (max braking speed)

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13
Q

What manages the pressure in a pressurisation system?

A

Pressure controller which compares cabin pressure with that desired by the flight crew and adjusts the outward flow of air until they match.

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14
Q

What is Mdet?

A

Detachment Mach Number is the Mach Number where all of the airflow over the wing is supersonic. Speed where detached bow wave occurs just ahead of the leading edge. Usually occurs around MFS 1.2-1.3.

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15
Q

What happens to Mcrit with an increase in AoA?

A

Decreases

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16
Q

What is Basic Empty Weight?

A

Weight of aircraft plus all permanently installed equipment, plus any ballast, hydraulic fluid and unusable fuel/oil.

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17
Q

Summary of 4 segments:

A

1st: Screen height to gear up; 2nd: Gear up to flap retraction altitude; 3rd: End of 2nd to flap up, acceleration to final climb speed; 4th: End of 3rd to reducing thrust to max continuous, climb to 1500ft.

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18
Q

What is Mcdr?

A

Critical Drag Rise Mach Number (or Drag Divergence Mach Number) is the Mach number of the airflow at a point where the drag coefficient rapidly rises due to flow separation and adverse pressure gradient behind the shockwave.

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19
Q

Uses for pneumatic air:

A

Air conditioning and pressurisation; wing and engine anti-icing; windscreen de-misting; engine ground start; tank pressurisation

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20
Q

General screen heights for dry and wet runways?

A

35ft (straight and curved flight paths) for dry runways, 15ft (straight and curved flight paths) for wet runways

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21
Q

What is the third segment?

A

Originates from the end of the second segment. Flaps are retracted and aircraft accelerates toward final climb speed. Min 1.2% gross climb gradient.

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22
Q

Difference between ramp weight and maximum take-off weight

A

Ramp weight includes fuel for taxi

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23
Q

Source of air for pneumatic system

A

Bleed air from compressor of engine. While on ground, may use APU or ground compressor.

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24
Q

What does a rectifier do?

A

Changes AC to DC (Alternators)

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25
Q

What is Vref?

A

The target speed of crossing the threshold at 50ft above the runway. Vref is 1.3xVso

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26
Q

How does flap affect V2 in a jet?

A

Due to flaps reducing stall speed, V2 will also reduce (also Vr).

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27
Q

When batteries are connected in series, add the ___, ___ as for single battery. When batteries are connected in parallel, add the ___, ___ as for single battery.

A

When batteries are connected in series, add the voltage, amperage as for single battery. When batteries are connected in parallel, add the amperage, voltage as for single battery.

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28
Q

What is optimum altitude and how is it affected by temperature and weight?

A

The altitude at which a given thrust setting will give you the best range speed. With a decrease in temperature, optimum altitude increases. With a decrease in weight, optimum altitude increases. If at max altitude, reduce speed with decreasing weight.

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29
Q

What is the second segment?

A

Originates from the end of the first segment to a gross height of at least 400ft, which is the minimum flap retraction height, maintaining a constant V2 speed. If 400ft is not sufficient for obstacle clearance, a higher gross height is selected for flap retraction. Min 2.4% gross climb gradient.

30
Q

What is a wet runway?

A

Runway with sufficient moisture on its surface to cause it to appear reflective, but without significant areas of standing water.

31
Q

What is MRC and LRC?

A

Max range cruise (CI=0) is min fuel burn. Speed at which for a given weight and altitude, max range is obtained. Not practical as it’s slow.
Long range cruise (99% of CI=0) results in a 1 % milage loss but speed much better. Requires gradual speed increase as weight decrease with fuel burn.

32
Q

Advantage of pneumatic system over hydraulic systems?

A

Lighter.

33
Q

Disadvantages of hydraulic systems:

A

Fluid is corrosive to many aircraft systems; High pressure within system requires strong structure to handle heavy lines and hoses; Any leaks will require backup systems to take up load, adding weight.

34
Q

What is cost index?

A

Ratio of cost of fuel vs. cost of time. Low cost index = less fuel burn (when fuel is expensive); High cost index = low fuel cost/late flight etc.

35
Q

What is V1?

A

Take-off decision speed. At speeds at or above V1, take-off must be continued.

36
Q

Formula for Local Speed of Sound?

A

LSS=38.94 multiplied by the square root of temperature in kelvin.

37
Q

What is the first segment?

A

Originates from the screen height to a point where the landing gear is fully retracted. The segment requires a positive rate of climb.

38
Q

Regarding Pavement classifications, how is runway sub-grade strength described?

A

A:High; B:Medium; C:Low; D:Ultralow

39
Q

What is the NTOFP?

A

The net take-off flight path is the phase of flight following an engine failure, a continued take-off from the screen height above the runway to a height of 1500ft. Consists of 4 segments.

40
Q

What is a diode?

A

One way check valve for electricity.

41
Q

What is an approach climb?

A

Go-around with OEI, gear is up, flaps in approach position, 1.5Vs, min gradient 2.1%

42
Q

What is the role of an accumulator in a hydraulic system?

A

Absorbs shocks due to pressure variation, helps maintain constant pressure, provides emergency source of pressure.

43
Q

What is Vmbe?

A

Maximum brake energy speed. Highest speed from which aircraft may be brought to a stop without exceeding the maximum energy absorption capability of the brakes.

44
Q

What is a balanced field length?

A

Where the ASDA is equal to the TODA. Could be caused by clearway being equal to the stowaway length or if there is no stowaway or clearway.

45
Q

What is a transformer rectifier?

A

Used to convert AC to a much lower DC voltage.

46
Q

Difference between Subsonic, Transonic, Supersonic, Hypersonic, High Hypersonic

A

Subsonic: <0.8 Mach; Transonic: 0.8-1.2 Mach; Supersonic 1.2-5 Mach; Hypersonic: 5-10 Mach; High Hypersonic: >10

47
Q

If an aircraft is climbed at ‘k’ Mach#, what happens to its IAS/TAS?

A

Decreases

48
Q

What is Mach#

A

Ratio of TAS to Local Speed of Sound (LSS)

49
Q

Ideal properties of hydraulic fluid:

A

Incompressible, low viscosity, good lubircation, non-flammable, non-toxic, low freezing point, high boiling point, no foaming, stable (no waxing or decomposition), coloured

50
Q

Flight below optimal altitude consequences:

A

Flight carried out below optimal altitude uses more fuel but takes less time to complete the trip when flying at constant Mach#

51
Q

How does weight affect V1?

A

Assuming field length is limiting, the greater the weight, the lower the V1 speed. A lower V1 speed provides a greater stopping distance while ensuring V1 remains greater than Vmcg and Vmu.
If field length is not limiting, a greater weight allows for a higher V1, provided V1 is less than Vmbe and emergency stopping distance is not compromised.

52
Q

What is a contaminated runway?

A

Where more than 25% of the runway surface area within the required length and width is covered by surface water, slush or loose snow more than 3mm in depth, or ice on any part of the runway surface area.

53
Q

If an aircraft is climbed at ‘k’ IAS, what happens to its Mach#?

A

Increases

54
Q

Regarding Pavement classifications, how is tyre pressure category described?

A

W:High(no limit); X:Medium; Y:Low; Z:Very Low

55
Q

Advantages of hydraulic systems:

A

Allows movement of large surfaces with minimal input; Greater, more efficient and consistent power delivery compared to an electric motor of same size; Leaks easy to detect; Can continue to work under high temperatures.

56
Q

What does an inverter do?

A

Changes DC to AC.

57
Q

What is Mach tuck?

A

Where nose of aircraft pitches down while accelerating through the high subsonic speed range. Caused by CofP moving rearward, increasing arm from CofG to CofP and due to reduced tailplane effectiveness causing less downforce.

58
Q

What is Mach buffet/high speed buffet?

A

Caused by shockwave and associated change in pressure which causes the boundary layer to become turbulent. This causes lift to decrease and large amounts of drag to develop. Turbulent flow may strike tail, causing buffeting, potentially loss of elevator control.

59
Q

What is Mcrit?

A

Critical Mach number is the lowest free stream mach number (MFS) at which a local mach number (ML) of 1.0 will occur at any point on the aircraft.

60
Q

What happens to CofP after the stall on a swept wing?

A

CoP moves forward as tips stall first, causing CofP to move inboard. Aircraft will pitch up.

61
Q

What are types of hydroplaning?

A

Dynamic (standing water - high speed); Viscous (damp smooth surface - can occur at low speed); Reverted rubber (long skid on wet surface boils water and reverts rubber)

62
Q

Requirements for Vmca:

A

Vmca must not be more than 20% above the stall speed.

63
Q

What is negative pressure differential (cabin pressurisation)? How is it prevented?

A

Where atmospheric pressure is greater than cabin pressure. Negative pressure relieve valves and dump valves ensure all remaining cabin pressure is vented once on the ground.

64
Q

What is Basic Operating Weight?

A

Basic Empty Weight plus flight crew. Also called aircraft prepared for service weight. (Does not include fuel or payload)

65
Q

What is the fourth segment?

A

Originates from end of third segment. Aircraft climbs in the clean configuration. Thrust reduced to max continuous. Segment ends at 1500ft. Min 1.2% gross climb gradient.

66
Q

What is a balanced take-off?

A

When ASDR equals TODR.

67
Q

What is the effect of supersonic air passing through a divergence on Velocity, Pressure, Density and Temperature?

A

Velocity increases, Pressure, Density, Temperature decrease

68
Q

What is V2?

A

Initial climb-out speed. Target speed to be attained at the screen height, assuming OEI and rotation initiated at Vr. Lowest safe climbing speed.

69
Q

What is a landing climb?

A

Go-around with all engines operative, gear is down, flaps in landing position, 1.3Vs, 3.2% min climb gradient

70
Q

What is the effect of supersonic air passing through a convergence on Velocity, Pressure, Density and Temperature?

A

Velocity decreases, Pressure, Density, Temperature increase

71
Q

How is fuel heated by the fuel system?

A

Using air/fuel or oil/fuel height exchanger.

Pilot Prep (6 decks)

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