Advanced Nutrition

Question 1

what are the 4 food borne illnesses

Answer 1

salmonella, E. coli, shigella, listeria

Question 2

what are the causes of salmonella

Answer 2

undercooked/raw red meat, poultry, chicken, eggs

Question 3

what are S+S of salmonella

Answer 3

HA, fever, cramping, diarrhea, N+V

Question 4

can salmonella be fatal?

Answer 4

yes

Question 5

what are the causes of E.coli?

Answer 5

undercooked/raw meat (hamburger), poor hand hygiene, unpasteurized milk

Question 6

what are the S+S of e. coli

Answer 6

severe abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea

Question 7

what are the causes of shigella

Answer 7

poor hand hygiene, salads, dairy products

Question 8

what are the S+S of shigella

Answer 8

diarrhea

Question 9

What are the causes of listeria

Answer 9

soft cheese, deli meats, bagged salads, veggies

Question 10

what does listeria do with fridge/freezer temps and cooking

Answer 10

survives fridge/freezer temps, destroyed with cooking

Question 11

what group of people is listeria at high risk

Answer 11

PREGNANT WOMEN cause still birth, miscarriage, immunocompromised

Question 12

S+S of listeria

Answer 12

sudden fever, diarrhea, HA, muscle pain, back pain,

Question 13

what is the diabetic diet

Answer 13

plan w/ dietitian, non-starchy veggies, decrease added sugars + refined grains, decrease processed food

Question 14

what are the indications of the cardiac diet

Answer 14

HTN, cholesterol, atherosclerosis

Question 15

what is the cardiac diet

Answer 15

low in cholesterol and saturated fats and high in fiber + fruits and veggies

Question 16

examples of saturated fats

Answer 16

red meat, bacon, sausage, butter, ice cream

Question 17

what should be aimed for with fruits and veggies

Answer 17

fruit: 1.5-2, veggies: 2-3

Question 18

examples of heart healthy fats

Answer 18

olive oil, avocado, nuts, and seeds

Question 19

what are some sodium intake reductions

Answer 19

canned soups, chips, processed foods

Question 20

what does the renal diet do

Answer 20

restricts potassiums, sodium, protein, and phosphorus intake

Question 21

indications of the renal diet

Answer 21

acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, dialysis

Question 22

what does the renal diet focus on

Answer 22

fresh fruits BESIDES bananas and veggies

Question 23

what should be limited/avoided in the renal diet

Answer 23

meat, processed, peanut butter, cheese, nuts, dark soda

Question 24

why can’t someone have dark soda

Answer 24

it has phosphorus

Question 25

what are the different enteral routes

Answer 25

Nasogastric tube (NG), nasointestinal tube, percutaneous endoscopic gastronomy (PEG) tube, J-tube)

Question 26

what is important with enteral nutrition routes

Answer 26

they must have some GI function, have issues with oral intake/consuming enough calories, swallowing difficulties, special need for nutrients, bowel decompression

Question 27

what would happen if GI tract is not used when able

Answer 27

mucosal atrophy & pancreatic/biliary dysfunction

Question 28

what is a nasogastric tube (NG)

Answer 28

through nose to stomach, short-term (less than 4 weeks), bowel decompression

Question 29

is an NG tube used for low or high aspiration risk

Answer 29

low

Question 30

what is a nasointestinal tube

Answer 30

through nose to intestine (duodenum or jejunum), long term

Question 31

is the nasointestinal tube used for low or high aspiration risk

Answer 31

high

Question 32

what is the percutaneous endoscopic gastronomy tube (PEG)

Answer 32

incision in LUQ of abdomen, long term

Question 33

what pts. do you use PEG tube for

Answer 33

neurologically impaired pt (after CVA), esophageal cancer, traumatic injury

Question 34

what is the PEG tube for pediatrics + their benefits

Answer 34

button, more comfortable and less likely to pull out --> checking residuals is hard

Question 35

when do you use a jejunostomy (J-tube)

Answer 35

aspiration risk is very high

Question 36

where does a PEG tube infuse food to

Answer 36

stomach: bypass mouth and swallowing mechanisms

Question 37

what are formulas for

Answer 37

selected by dietitian, number represents calories/mL

Question 38

what are the two types of formulas

Answer 38

standard and elemental

Question 39

what are the standard formula

Answer 39

intact with whole proteins

Question 40

what are the elemental formulas

Answer 40

partial or full hydrolyzed: aid in digestion

Question 41

what are the different delivery methods for enteral nutrition

Answer 41

continuous drip feedings, cyclic feedings, bolus feedings

Question 42

how long do continuous drip feedings run

Answer 42

16-24 hours--> infusion pump: kangaroo pump, flush w H20 every 4-6

Question 43

when is a continuous drip feeding used

Answer 43

critically ill and hospitalized

Question 44

how long do cyclic feedings run

Answer 44

8-16 hours, during sleeping so pt can eat during day

Question 45

when is cyclic feeding used

Answer 45

pts transitioning to oral intake

Question 46

when are bolus feedings used

Answer 46

4-6 times daily, 250-400 mL over 15 mins

Question 47

how is bolus feeding typically given

Answer 47

typically at home, instilled by gravity with a large syringe

Question 48

what is important to know about enteral tubes

Answer 48

must be confirmed with x-ray, check pH after: acidic

Question 49

how do you clean enteral tubes

Answer 49

PEG tube: soap, warm water, dry thoroughly, monitor skin breakdown/infection

Question 50

what are the complications of enteral tubes

Answer 50

pneumonia, bleeding, PERITONITIS, bowel perforation, infection at insertion site

Question 51

what is peritonitis

Answer 51

rigid, board-like abdomen

Question 52

what is the routine maintenance

Answer 52

verify bowel sounds, pH, HOB in semi-Fowlers, TF solutions at room temperature, monitor for infection, oral car

Question 53

how often should feeding bad and tubing be changed

Answer 53

24 hours

Question 54

what is residual volume

Answer 54

stomach contents remaining after feeding