Advanced Nutrition Flashcards
what are the 4 food borne illnesses
salmonella, E. coli, shigella, listeria
what are the causes of salmonella
undercooked/raw red meat, poultry, chicken, eggs
what are S+S of salmonella
HA, fever, cramping, diarrhea, N+V
can salmonella be fatal?
yes
what are the causes of E.coli?
undercooked/raw meat (hamburger), poor hand hygiene, unpasteurized milk
what are the S+S of e. coli
severe abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea
what are the causes of shigella
poor hand hygiene, salads, dairy products
what are the S+S of shigella
diarrhea
What are the causes of listeria
soft cheese, deli meats, bagged salads, veggies
what does listeria do with fridge/freezer temps and cooking
survives fridge/freezer temps, destroyed with cooking
what group of people is listeria at high risk
PREGNANT WOMEN cause still birth, miscarriage, immunocompromised
S+S of listeria
sudden fever, diarrhea, HA, muscle pain, back pain,
what is the diabetic diet
plan w/ dietitian, non-starchy veggies, decrease added sugars + refined grains, decrease processed food
what are the indications of the cardiac diet
HTN, cholesterol, atherosclerosis
what is the cardiac diet
low in cholesterol and saturated fats and high in fiber + fruits and veggies
examples of saturated fats
red meat, bacon, sausage, butter, ice cream
what should be aimed for with fruits and veggies
fruit: 1.5-2, veggies: 2-3
examples of heart healthy fats
olive oil, avocado, nuts, and seeds
what are some sodium intake reductions
canned soups, chips, processed foods
what does the renal diet do
restricts potassiums, sodium, protein, and phosphorus intake
indications of the renal diet
acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, dialysis
what does the renal diet focus on
fresh fruits BESIDES bananas and veggies
what should be limited/avoided in the renal diet
meat, processed, peanut butter, cheese, nuts, dark soda
why can’t someone have dark soda
it has phosphorus
what are the different enteral routes
Nasogastric tube (NG), nasointestinal tube, percutaneous endoscopic gastronomy (PEG) tube, J-tube)
what is important with enteral nutrition routes
they must have some GI function, have issues with oral intake/consuming enough calories, swallowing difficulties, special need for nutrients, bowel decompression
what would happen if GI tract is not used when able
mucosal atrophy & pancreatic/biliary dysfunction
what is a nasogastric tube (NG)
through nose to stomach, short-term (less than 4 weeks), bowel decompression
is an NG tube used for low or high aspiration risk
low
what is a nasointestinal tube
through nose to intestine (duodenum or jejunum), long term
is the nasointestinal tube used for low or high aspiration risk
high
what is the percutaneous endoscopic gastronomy tube (PEG)
incision in LUQ of abdomen, long term
what pts. do you use PEG tube for
neurologically impaired pt (after CVA), esophageal cancer, traumatic injury
what is the PEG tube for pediatrics + their benefits
button, more comfortable and less likely to pull out –> checking residuals is hard
when do you use a jejunostomy (J-tube)
aspiration risk is very high
where does a PEG tube infuse food to
stomach: bypass mouth and swallowing mechanisms
what are formulas for
selected by dietitian, number represents calories/mL
what are the two types of formulas
standard and elemental
what are the standard formula
intact with whole proteins
what are the elemental formulas
partial or full hydrolyzed: aid in digestion
what are the different delivery methods for enteral nutrition
continuous drip feedings, cyclic feedings, bolus feedings
how long do continuous drip feedings run
16-24 hours–> infusion pump: kangaroo pump, flush w H20 every 4-6
when is a continuous drip feeding used
critically ill and hospitalized
how long do cyclic feedings run
8-16 hours, during sleeping so pt can eat during day
when is cyclic feeding used
pts transitioning to oral intake
when are bolus feedings used
4-6 times daily, 250-400 mL over 15 mins
how is bolus feeding typically given
typically at home, instilled by gravity with a large syringe
what is important to know about enteral tubes
must be confirmed with x-ray, check pH after: acidic
how do you clean enteral tubes
PEG tube: soap, warm water, dry thoroughly, monitor skin breakdown/infection
what are the complications of enteral tubes
pneumonia, bleeding, PERITONITIS, bowel perforation, infection at insertion site
what is peritonitis
rigid, board-like abdomen
what is the routine maintenance
verify bowel sounds, pH, HOB in semi-Fowlers, TF solutions at room temperature, monitor for infection, oral car
how often should feeding bad and tubing be changed
24 hours
what is residual volume
stomach contents remaining after feeding
