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Endocrine > Adrenal Glands > Flashcards

Adrenal Glands Flashcards

1
Q

where are the adrenal glands located?

A

on the superior pole of the kidney in the retroperitoneal space

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2
Q

where does the right adrenal vein drain to?

A

the vena cava

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3
Q

where does the left adrenal vein drain into?

A

the left renal vein

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4
Q

which is a modified sympathetic ganglion; the medulla or the cortex?

A

the medulla

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5
Q

true or false:

the medulla is the true endocrine organ?

A

false the cortex is

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6
Q

from what is the adrenal medulla derived?

A

neural crest cells

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7
Q

from what is the cortex derived from?

A

mesoderm

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8
Q

what does the adrenal medulla secrete?

A

catecholamines:
> epinephrine
> norepinephrine
> dopamine

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9
Q

what 3 classes of steroid hormones does the adrenal cortex secrete?

A

> mineralcorticoids
glucocorticoids
sex steriods

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10
Q

true or false

aldosterone is a mineralcorticoid

A

true

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11
Q

what is the function of mineralcorticoids?

A

regulation of Na+ and K+

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12
Q

give and example of a glucocorticoid

A

cortisol

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13
Q

what is the function of a glucocorticoid?

A

maintains plasma glucose

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14
Q

name the 3 layers of the cortex from the inside to the outside

A

> zona reticularis
zona fasciculate
zona glomerulosa

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15
Q

what does the zona reticularis secrete?

A

sex hormones

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16
Q

what does the zona fasciculate secrete?

A

glucocorticoids

17
Q

what does the zona glomerulosa secrete?

A

aldosterone (mineral corticoids)

18
Q

what is the enzyme which involved in the progesterone to aldosterone or cortisol synthetic pathway?

A

21 hydroxylase

19
Q

what is dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)?

A

a prehormone for testosterone and oestrogen

20
Q

what can a defect in 21hydroxylase cause?

A

congenital adrenal hyperplasia

21
Q

what is deficient in congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

A

> cortisol

> aldosterone

22
Q

why does a deficit of 12hydroxylase lead to adrenal hyperplasia?

A

the negative feedback loop of cortisol on the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus is removed

23
Q

what percentage of cortisol is bound to protein?

A

95%

24
Q

what are the glucocorticoid actions of cortisol?

A

> decrease insulin sensitivity in muscle and adipose
gluconeogenesis (enhancing glucose production)
proteolysis (providing gluconeogenic substrates for the liver)
lipolysis

25
Q

cortisol stimulates lipolysis. how does this action protect [BG]?

A

it increases free fatty acid in the plasma creating an alternative fuel supply

26
Q

what are the non glucocorticoid actions of cortisol?

A

> negative effect on Ca balance
permissive effects of norepinephrine
suppression of the immune system
impairment of mood and cognition

27
Q

how does cortisol effect the calcium balance in the body?

A

> increased bone resorption
increased excretion in the kidney
decreased absorption from the gut

28
Q

how does cortisol suppress the immune system?

A

> inhibits inflammatory response
reduces antibody formation
reduces lymphocyte count

29
Q

what is the effect of aldosterone on reabsorption of sodium ions?

A

it increases reabsorption

30
Q

what is the effect of aldosterone on the excretion of potassium?

A

it increases the excretion

31
Q

true or false

increased aldosterone increases blood pressure and volume?

A

true: it promotes sodium retention and potassium depletion

32
Q

a tumour in the adrenal cortex is cushings disease or syndrome?

A

cushings syndrome (it is a primary endocrine problem)

33
Q

a tumour in the pituitary is cushings disease or syndrome?

A

cushings disease (it is a secondary endocrine problem)

34
Q

what causes addisons disease?

A

autoimmune destruction of the cortex

35
Q

what is pheochromocytoma?

A

a rare neuroendocrine tumour in the adrenal medulla

36
Q

what is the effect of pheochromocytoma?

A 
excess catecholines = 
increased:
> heart rate
> cardiac output
> blood pressure
37
Q

what is there a risk of if glucocorticoid treatment is withdrawn fast?

A

adrenal insufficiency due to the enhanced negative feedback effects of exogenous cortisol

Endocrine (15 decks)

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