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Kidneys > Adrenal Glands > Flashcards

Adrenal Glands Flashcards

1
Q

What type of glands are adrenal glands in relation to position?

A

suprarenal glands

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2
Q
  1. What type of shape is the right adrenal gland?
A

triangular shaped

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3
Q
  1. What type of shape is the left adrenal gland?
A

semilunar shaped

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4
Q
  1. what fraction of size is the adrenal gland to the kidney at birth?
A

1/3 of the size of Kidney at birth

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5
Q
  1. In adulthood, what fraction of size is the adrenal gland to the kidney?
A

1/30th of the size of kidney in adults

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6
Q
  1. What is the posterior to the right adrenal gland?
A

the diaphragm

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7
Q

what 2 things are anterior to the right adrenal gland?

A

Right lobe of the liver and Inferior vena cava

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8
Q
  1. What is posterior to the left adrenal gland?
A

the Diaphragm

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9
Q

what 3 things are anterior to the left adrenal gland?

A
  • Pancreas
  • Lesser sac
  • Stomach
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10
Q
  1. How are the adrenal glands supplied with blood?
A

several arteries branching off the aorta, including the suprarenal and renal arteries.

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11
Q
  1. How does blood flow in the adrenal glands
A

Blood first flows through the adrenal cortex and then drains into the adrenal medulla.

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12
Q
  1. How are adrenal hormones released into the blood circulation?
A

Adrenal hormones are released into the circulation via the left and right suprarenal veins.

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13
Q
  1. What is the 1. outer layer 2. Inner core of the adrenal gland called?
A
  1. cortex
  2. medulla
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14
Q
  1. What is the embryological origin of the cortex
A

from mesoderm (epithelial tissue)

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15
Q
  1. What is the embryological origins of the medulla
A

from neural crest

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16
Q
  1. What are the three layers that make up cortical cells called
A
  1. Zona glomerulosa near the capsule
  2. Zona fasciculata (the thickest layer)
  3. Zona reticularis
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17
Q
  1. Where is the zona glomerulosa near
A

near the capsule

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18
Q
  1. What is the thickest layer of the cortical cells
A

Zona Fasiculata

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19
Q
  1. Describe the adrenal medulla’s structure
A

Closely packed clumps of secretory cells(chromaffin) that have a strongly basophilic cytoplasm.

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20
Q
  1. What branch throughout the medulla
A

A fine network of capillaries

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21
Q
  1. Where do the venules drain blood from the sinusoids of the cortex into?
A

into the central medullary vein

22
Q
  1. What does the neuroendocrine pathway of the adrenal glands involve?
A

involvesstimulation of the medulla by impulses from preganglionic sympathetic neurons originating in thethoracic spinal cord.

23
Q
  1. What amine hormones does the medulla secrete when stimulated?
A

epinephrine and norepinephrine (AKA adrenaline & noradrenaline)

24
Q
  1. How are cells arranged in zona glomerulosa (ZG) and are they baso- or eosinophilic
A
  • arranged in clusters (glomeruli)
  • basophilic
25
Q
  1. How are Zona Fusciculata (ZF) cells arranged and are they basophilic or eosinophilic?
A
  • rows of lipid-laden cells arranged radially in bundles of parallel cords (fasces)
  • basophilic
26
Q
  1. How are zona reticularis (ZR) cells arranged and are they basophilic or eosinophilic?
A
  • tangled network of cells
  • basophilic
27
Q
  1. What hormones are released from ZG
A
  • mineralocorticoids
  • aldosterone
28
Q
  1. What do Mineralcorticoids regulate
A

regulate mineral balance

29
Q
  1. What hormones are released from ZF and give 3 examples
A
  • Glucocortoids
  • Examples: Cortisol, Corticosterone, cortisone
30
Q
  1. What do glucocorticoids regulate
A

regulate glucose metabolism

31
Q
  1. What hormones does ZR release and give 2 examples
A
  • Androgens
  • Dehydroepiandrosterone
32
Q
  1. What do androgens stimulate
A

masculinization

33
Q
  1. What hormones does the adrenal medulla release and give examples?
A
  • stress hormones
  • epinephrine and norepinephrine
34
Q
  1. What do stress hormones stimulate
A

stimulates sympathetic autonomic nervous system

35
Q

what does steroid hormone synthesis require?

A

requires the activity of cytochrome P450-linked hydroxylases using cholesterol as the raw material

36
Q

what does steroid hormone synthesis require?

A

requires the activity of cytochrome P450-linked hydroxylases using cholesterol as the raw material

37
Q
  1. What does aldosterone do
A

Stimulate kidneys to reabsorb Na+ and secrete K+

38
Q
  1. What 2 things does cortisol do
A
  • Inhibits glucose utilization
    -stimulates gluconeogenesis
39
Q
  1. 3 Examples of steroid sex hormones?
A
  • Progesterone
  • Estradiol
  • Testosterone
40
Q
  1. What hormones are lipophilic, low molecular weight compounds?
A

steroids

41
Q
  1. What substance are all steroids derived from
A

CHOLESTEROL

42
Q
  1. What does StAR protein do
A

Facilitates the movement of cholesterol from cytoplasm to mitochondria

43
Q
  1. What does StAR stand for in StAR protein
A

Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory (StAR) Protein

44
Q
  1. What 2 things are mineralocorticoids essential for
A

for fluid and electrolyte balance

45
Q
  1. What is the major mineralocorticoid called
A

Aldosterone

46
Q
  1. Where is the primary site of action of mineralocorticoids and what do they do in this region
A

distal tubules of thekidney nephron where it promotes Na+retention into the blood andenhances K+ elimination into the urine filtrate

47
Q
  1. What 2 reasons is aldosterone released due to?
A

Aldosterone is released due to:

1) Activation of the renin-angiotensin system in the kidneys and related to
a decrease in Na+ and decrease in Blood Pressure.

2) Direct stimulation of the adrenal cortex by increase in blood K+ concentration

48
Q
  1. What are the 2 main sex hormones from adrenal glands
A

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
Androstenedione

49
Q
  1. What is the most important glucocorticoid and what percentage pf glucocorticoid activity is it responsible for
A
  • Cortisol
  • 90%
50
Q
  1. What is the principal hormone that stimulates adrenal glucocorticoid biosynthesis and secretion
A

ACTH

Kidneys (7 decks)

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