Adrenal Gland

Question 1

CRH is stimulated by…

Answer 1

Decreased plasma cortisol, hypoglycemia pyrogen and stress

Question 2

CRH comes from…

Answer 2

Hypothalamus

Question 3

CRH is suppressed by…

Answer 3

Increased plasma glucocorticoid level

Question 4

ACTH comes from…

Answer 4

Anterior pituitary

Question 5

AVP has a ___ on the anterior pituitary

Answer 5

Stimulatory

Question 6

Cortisol has an ___ on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

Answer 6

Inhibitory

Question 7

Zona glomerulosa secretes…

Answer 7

Aldosterone

Question 8

Zona fasciculata secretes…

Answer 8

Cortisol and corticosterone

Question 9

Zona reticularis secretes…

Answer 9

Sex steroids

Question 10

The adrenal medullar secretes…

Answer 10

Catecholamines (epi & norepinephrine)

Question 11

What is the first step common to the formation of all steroids

Answer 11

The formations of pregnenolone to cholesterol

Question 12

Where does steroidogenesis take place

Answer 12

Mitochondria

Question 13

The uptake of cholesterol is….

Answer 13

A rate limiting step

Question 14

What is StAR and what does it do

Answer 14

It is a cAMP inducible gene and it increases in response to tropic hormones

Question 15

What is responsible for the conversion of pregnenolone from cholesterol in the mitochondria

Answer 15

P450scc

Question 16

Steroidgeneic enzymes depend on…

Answer 16

Electron transfer proteins

Question 17

Mitochondrial electron transporters

Answer 17

ADR and ADx

Question 18

Microsomal electron transporters

Answer 18

POR or B5

Question 19

What is the main source of cholesterol to make steroid hormones

Answer 19

Circulating LDL

Question 20

What determines steroid production

Answer 20

Zone specific expression of enzymes

Question 21

How do most steroid differ

Answer 21

Hydroxyl groups (minor modifications)

Question 22

What effect does cortisol have on metabolism

Answer 22

Increased: gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, proteolysis, lipolysis

Question 23

What effect does cortisol have on the cardiovasculuar system

Answer 23

Increased: myocardial contractility, cardiac output and catecholamine pressor effect

Question 24

What transports circulating cortisol

Answer 24

Corticosteroid binding globulin

Question 25

What happens to cortisol since it isn't stored

Answer 25

Converted to inactive cortisone and other metabolites by the liver

Question 26

What is the function of CBG

Answer 26

Protects cortisol from inactivation by the liver

Question 27

Glucocorticoid receptor beta inhibits...

Answer 27

Glucocorticoid receptor alpha

Question 28

Cortisol has an __ in the liver

Answer 28

Anabolic

Question 29

What is Cushing's syndrome

Answer 29

An overproduction of cortisol

Question 30

What is Addison disease

Answer 30

Adrenal hypofunction

Question 31

What is the main function of aldosterone

Answer 31

Recovery of Na in the kidney and enhance K secretion into the urine to balance charge difference (also water retention and dilation of arterioles)

Question 32

The diameter of ___ is a major determinant of the blood pressure in arteries

Answer 32

Arterioles

Question 33

What increases sodium appetite

Answer 33

Aldosterone, angiotensin II, decreased sodium in brain

Question 34

What decreases sodium appetite

Answer 34

Circulating & CNS peptide hormones, post-ingestive signals from gut, increased in NA blood plasma

Question 35

Where is angiotensin converted to angiotension I

Answer 35

Afferent arterioles in kidneys by renin

Question 36

Where is angiotension I converted to angiotension II

Answer 36

Endothelial cells of the lungs by ACE

Question 37

Angiotensin II stimulates...

Answer 37

Aldosterone secretion

Question 38

Where does aldosterone mainly act

Answer 38

Distal tubules and collecting ducts of kidney

Question 39

What is the net effect of aldosterone

Answer 39

Rise in plasma volume and blood pressure

Question 40

Conn's disease

Answer 40

Hypersecretion of aldosterone, increased water retention

Question 41

Natriuretic peptides

Answer 41

Peptides that increase the excretion of water and Na

Question 42

Where are natriuretic peptides produced and stored

Answer 42

Heart muscle; granules

Question 43

What is the function of natriuretic peptides

Answer 43

Increases glomerular filtration and reduces blood volume and pressure

Question 44

Adrenal cortex contributes to the production of...

Answer 44

DHEAS and androstenedione

Question 45

Most common form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia involves deficiency of...

Answer 45

CYP21A2

Question 46

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia results in reduced ___ and increased ___

Answer 46

Cortisol and aldosterone; androgen production

Question 47

What is the rate limiting step in the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine

Answer 47

Tyrosine hydroxylase

Question 48

What stimulates the conversion of norepinephrine to epinephrine

Answer 48

Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT), stimulated by cortsiol

Question 49

What inactivates epinephrine and norepinephrine and to what

Answer 49

MAO and COMT, to VMA, which is excreted in the urine

Question 50

What are enkephalins

Answer 50

Other hormones secreted by adrenal medulla, block neurotransmitters, like morphine

Question 51

What receptors bind epinephrine and norepinephrine

Answer 51

Alpha and beta1,2 adrenegic receptors

Question 52

If cortisol levels are suppressed...

Answer 52

It results in epinephrine deficiency