Adrenal Gland

Question 1

What are the three layers of the adrenal cortex

Answer 1

• zona glomerulosa
• zona fasciculata
• zona reticularis

Question 2

Which layer of the adrenal cortex secretes aldosterone

Answer 2

zona glomerulosa

Question 3

Which layer of the adrenal cortex secretes cortisol

Answer 3

Zona fasciculata

Question 4

Which layer of the adrenal cortex secretes sex hormones

Answer 4

Zona reticularis

Question 5

Aldosterone secretion is under the influence of which 2 substances

Answer 5

• Angiotensin II

- K+ ion concentration

Question 6

Which cells in the medulla synthesize, store and secrete epinephrine and norepi

Answer 6

Chromaffin cells

Question 7

What are chromografins

Answer 7

proteins to which catecholamines, Ca2+, ATP are bound

Question 8

Where in the adrenal gland are ganglion cells found

Answer 8

Adrenal medulla

Question 9

If aldosterone synthase is inhibited, which hormone can replace it

Answer 9

corticosterone

Question 10

Which enzyme does angiotensin II stimulate to produce aldosterone

Answer 10

aldosterone synthase

Question 11

What is the sodium escape system

Answer 11

When an increase in Na+ reabsorption doesn’t lead to increased serum Na+ content because the increase Na+ leads to increase in BV which causes release of ANP which causes excretion of Na+ ions

Question 12

What are the three main stimuli for cortisol release

Answer 12

starvation, hypoglycemia and long term stress

Question 13

How can hyperpolarization result from aldosterone activity

Answer 13

loss of K+ from the ECF results in Hypokalemia

Question 14

How can metabolic alkalosis result from aldosterone activity

Answer 14

Increased secretion of H+ from the Intercalated cells in exchange of increased absorption of Na+ ions at the Principal cells

Question 15

ACTH acts on adrenocortical cells to activate steroid synthesis through which second messenger mechanism

Answer 15

Gs

Question 16

major action of glucocorticoids

Answer 16

1. Increased gluconeogeneis, protein breakdown, mobilization of free fatty acid
2. Protective during acute stress
3. Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive
4. Permissive actions for other hormones
5. upregulate alpha adrenergic receptors on blood vessels to cause vaso constriction

Question 17

Which weak androgens are produced by the adrenal cortex

Answer 17

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

Androstenedione

Question 18

What is the role of weak androgens produced in the adrrenal gland for females?

Answer 18

growth of the axillary and pubic hair in the female

Question 19

Cushing syndrome is due to an excess of which hormone

Answer 19

Cortisol

Question 20

Deficiency of 17 alpha hydroxylase has what effect on the following?

aldosterone
cortisol
sex hormones

Answer 20

aldosterone = increased
cortisol= decreased
sex hormones = decreased

Question 21

Deficiency of 21 hydroxylase has what effect on the following?

aldosterone
cortisol
sex hormones

Answer 21

aldosterone = decreased
cortisol= decreased
sex hormones = increased

Question 22

Deficiency of 11 beta hydroxylase has what effect on the following?

aldosterone
cortisol
sex hormones

Answer 22

aldosterone = decreased
cortisol= decreased
sex hormones = increased

Question 23

In primary aldosteronism there is a _______ (increase/decrease) in renin

Answer 23

decrease in renin

Question 24

In secondary aldosteronism there is a _______ (increase/decrease) in renin

Answer 24

increase in renin

Question 25

Which enzyme converted norepinephrine to epinephrine

Answer 25

PNMT

Question 26

Why is there usually an increase in BP in the early morning

Answer 26

because this is when cortisol levels peak