adolescence and puberty Flashcards
what are the developmental stages of adolescence?
early: 11-14
middle: 14-17
late: 18-21
what are the gender differences in physical development?
- girls grow taller, start puberty and are more mature earlier than boys
- girls start puberty around 8, peak 11-13.5 years
- boys start around 10.5 years, 13-15 years peak
what are the early maturing girls and late maturing boys at risk of?
- depression
- substance abuse
- ASBOs
- eating disorders
- bullying
what are the brain changes in adolescence?
- grey matter dec. from 6yo to adolescence
- linear inc. in white matter until 20
- at 12yo, frontal and parietal lobes development peak
- at 16yo, temporal lobe developmental peak
- from puberty, inc. in density of cortical white matter
- inc. in density of grey matter in pre-frontal cortex until puberty, then dec
what is the last area to reach adult full density?
dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex
in cognitive development, what are Piaget’s stages?
- birth –> 2: sensorimotor stage
- 2–>7: preoperational stage, symbolic thinking
- 7–> 11: concrete operational stage, reason logically
- 11-15: formal operational stage, abstract/ logical reasoning
what are the levels in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
- 1/2: pre-convenional (desire to avoid punishment)
- 3/4: conventional (to illicit validation from others)
- 5/6: post-conventional (internal moral code and independent of others)
in emotional development, what is Harter’s 8 dimension model of self concept?
- scholastic
- job
- athletic
- physical appearance
- social acceptance
- close friends
- romantic appeal
- conduct of self
how do you remember this?
Some Jobs Are Pretty Shit, Can't Really Complain
how can self-concepts have clinical implications?
- 20-30% adolescents have low self esteem
- can lead to depression, anxiety, poor academia, social isolation
what are the 2 models in identity formation?
- Erikson’s life span stages (ages 10-20 = identity vs confusion)
- marcia
what are the identity formation steps in Marcia?
- identity diffusion (no crisis, no commitment)
- identity foreclosure (no crisis, commitment)
- moratorium (criss, actively searching for identity)
- identity achievement (crisis over)
which is the only step necessary for identity development?
moratorium
what is identity associated with?
- higher achievement
- higher moral reasoning
- higher social skills
what are the 4 categories to ethnic identity?
- integration
- assimilation
- separation
- marginalisation
what is integration?
retain base culture
develop and maintain with mainstream culture as well
what is assimilation?
lose base culture
develop and maintain with mainstream culture
what is separation?
- retain base culture
- no development into mainstream culture
what is marginalisation?
- lose base culture
- no development into mainstream culture
describe peer development across the different age categories
- primary school (7-11): goal to be accepted by peers, prefer same gender, gain loyalty
- 11-13: expect genuiness, intimacy, common interests, emergence of cliques
- 13-16: friendship goals, cross-gender relationships and develop larger circles
- 16-18: emotional support expected and inc. dyadic romantic ties
what are the gender differences in social development?
Boys: less intimate, disclosing and friendships embedded in larger circles
Girls: close and confiding relationships but are more brittle
what is the onset of puberty due to?
2 theories:
- maturation of CNS affecting GnRH neurones (inc, release)
- altered set points to gonadal steroid -ve feedback
what is menarche? body weight at menarche?
- first occurrence of menstruation
- around 47kg
what is the KISS gene?
- Kisspeptin stimulates GnRH and the GnRHR
- inc. leptin can stimulate kisspeptin and so stimulate more GnRH
- childhood obesity –> early puberty
what are the clinical features of anorexia nervosa?
- body weight self-induced and maintained 15% below expected
- dead of fatness
- ## preoccupied by fatnessamennorrhoea
- delayed growth
what are the causes of anorexia nervosa?
- genetics
- perfectionism
- temperaments
- subcultures
- abuse and adversity
- high social class
what is the treatment?
- family intervention
- cognitive behavioural therapy
- weight restoration
what are the 2 types of depression?
- pre-pubertal depression (2 main types)
- adolescent depressive disorder
what are the 2 main types of pre-pubertal depression?
- common w/ co-morbid behavioural problems, bad upbringing, course of this resembles children w/ conduct disorder, no inc. risk of recurrence in later life
- less common, highly familial, high rates of anxiety and bipolar, recurrence common
what is adolescent depressive disorder?
- irritability instead of sadness
- social withdrawl
- outcome with high recurrence
- impairment in later adult relationships
what are the symptoms of depression?
- Persistent sadness or low mood
- Loss of interest or pleasure
- Fatigue/low energy
- Disturbed sleep
- Poor concentration
- Low self confidence
- Changes in appetite and weight
- Suicidal thoughts/acts
- Agitation
- Guilt or self blame
what can the 10 symptoms be clustered into?
- affective: sadness, loss of enjoyment, irritability
- cognitive: self-blame, hopelessness, guilt
- biological: disturbed sleep, reduces appetite
What are the different areas of developmental consideration that may predispose to depression?
- Endocrine – esp in females, may inc. risk of low mood
- Relationships with family – get closer with family as you develop
- Peers – inc. involvement with peers as you develop –> more rejection and conflict
- Responsibilities and hassle
what are the causes of depression?
- genetics
- family interactions
- life events
what are the intervention of depression?
- Cognitive behavior therapy
- Interpersonal psychotherapy
- Family intervention
- Anti-depressants – SSRIs
what is conduct disorder?
persistant (>6 months) failure to contol behaviour appropriately within socially defined rules
what are the clinical features of conduct disorders?
- loses temper and argues
- Defies adult requests or rules
- Bullies, fights or intimidates
- Steals and breaks thing
- Runs away
- Tantrums
- Cruelty to animals
- Fire-setting
- Truanting
- Defiance
- destructiveness
what are the developmental considerations in conduct disorders?
- Family changes – less direct surveillance and physical closeness
- Peer changes – inc. involvement with peers may amplify ASBOS
- Experimentation and risk taking – rule violation, drugs, alcohol exposure
what are the causes of conduct disorders?
- Genetic – weak
- Child – difficult temperament, family: poor parenting, lack of warmth, inconsistent discipline
- Wider environment – poor schools and neighbourhoods
what is the outcome of conduct disorders?
- poor outcome when there are more problems in child and family
- Males: greater risk of ASBOs in males
- Females: range of emotional and personality disorders
what are some interventions that can be used?
- Children – problem solving skills
- Treat underlying co-morbidities (depression, hyperactivites)
- Parenting programmes
