Adolescence

Question 1

What age is considered adolescence?

Answer 1

12-20

Question 2

List and give an example of the four main categories of perception of adolescence

Answer 2

Ideal- top performing student, parasite- living with parents, threat- violent, victim- need to be protected

Question 3

List some expectation of behaviours of adolescents

Answer 3

Moody, defiant, challenging

Question 4

When does the maximum rate of growth occur in girls? In boys?

Answer 4

Girls- 12

Boys- 14

Question 5

Differentiate between primary and secondary sex characteristics

Answer 5

The modifications occurring at puberty lead to the development of the sex organs that are directly involved in reproduction, and are therefore called primary sex characteristics. External changes in other organs are called secondary sex characteristics such as breast and beard development.

Question 6

What is the appearance of the first menstrual cycle called?

Answer 6

Menarche

Question 7

Describe what happens to girls during puberty

Answer 7

Breasts mature
Pubic and underarm hair appears
Menstruation cycles begin

Question 8

Describe what happens to boys during puberty

Answer 8

Enlarging of the testes, scrotum and penis
Pubic underarm and facial hair appears,
First ejaculation

Question 9

What is the first ejaculation called?

Answer 9

Spermarche

Question 10

What is the male hormone that influences puberty?

Answer 10

Testosterone

Question 11

What is the female hormone that influences puberty?

Answer 11

Oestrogen

Question 12

What are the consequences for early-maturing boys?

Answer 12

They are more aggressive but have a more positive self-image and greater popularity

Question 13

What are the consequences for early-maturing girls?

Answer 13

There are very few differences, however it is seen as a disadvantage to be an early maturing girl as they are more likely to experiment with older men

Question 14

What are the consequences for late-maturing boys?

Answer 14

They may suffer from lowered self-esteem due to physical disadvantage in sporting activities and social rejection by girls because of their immature appearance

Question 15

What are the consequences for late-maturing girls?

Answer 15

Greater body esteem

Question 16

What are the major health threats to adolescents?

Answer 16

Exposure to STIs,
Substance abuse including drugs, drinking and smoking
Obesity and eating disorders

Question 17

Why are adolescents more vulnerable to health threats than other age groups?

Answer 17

Teenagers are prone to risk-taking behaviours

Question 18

According to Piaget, how is adolescence characteristed?

Answer 18

By the development of formal operational thought

Question 19

Define metacognition

Answer 19

The ability to think about your thinking. You know how you can improve and reflecting

Question 20

Development in cognition leads to…

Answer 20

Greater knowledge
Improved skills
Improved memory –> short term/working memory & long-term (stored) memory
Improved attention and meta-cognition

Question 21

How many stages are there in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?

Answer 21

Six

Question 22

Which stages of Kohlberg’s theory are seen as ‘too gender-specific’ and who stated this?

Answer 22

The final two stages

Gilligan

Question 23

Describe the three levels of Kohlberg’s stages of moral judgement

Answer 23

Preconventional level- emphasis on avoiding punishments and getting awards
Conventional level- emphasis on social rules
Post-conventional level- emphasis on moral principles

Question 24

Describe the first 3 stages of Kohlberg’s stages of moral judgement

Answer 24

Stage 1- Good is what follows externally imposed rules and rewards and is whatever avoids punishment
Stage 2- Good is whatever is agreeable to the individual and to anyone who gives or receives favours
Stage 3- Good is whatever pleases or helps others and brings approval from friends or peer group

Question 25

Describe the last 3 stages of Kohlberg’s stages of moral judgement

Answer 25

Stage 4- Good is whatever conforms to existing laws, customs and authorities; contributions for the good of society as a whole
Stage 5- Good depends upon consensus principles in the face of various individual values; common principles should be upheld for the ultimate welfare of society
Stage 6- Good is whatever is consistent with personal , general moral principles relating to universal justice and human rights that may be at odds with society’s laws.

Question 26

How many stages are there in Gilligan’s stages of moral development?

Answer 26

3

Question 27

Describe Gilligan’s stages of moral development?

Answer 27

Stage 1- survival orientation (ME)- egocentric concern for self, lack of awareness of others’ needs; ‘right’ action is what promotes emotional or physical survival
Stage 2- Conventional care (YOU)- Lack of distinction between what others want and what is right; ‘right’ action is whatever pleases others best
Stage 3- Integrated care (BALANCE)- coordination or integration of needs of self and of others; ‘right’ action takes account of self as well as others

Question 28

What stage of Erikson’s is adolescence associated with

Answer 28

Identity vs role confusion

Question 29

List and define the four identity status types according to Marcia

Answer 29

1. Achievement- adolescents explore different alternatives in the various identity areas before committing to a relatively coherent and consistent identity
2. Moratorium- indicated when adolescents have begun a process of actively exploring different roles, but are yet to make commitments.
3. Foreclosure- the individual arrives at a committed identity without going through the process of exploration. (Often to please parents)
4. Diffusion- Identity diffused individuals begin the process of identity formation later in life, perhaps when barriers to role exploration have been removed

Question 30

Explain how a sense of self develops during adolescence

Answer 30

Self- concept is based on more abstract beliefs and values than the concrete and comparative ideas of self during childhood

Question 31

What influences the development of a personal identity during adolescence

Answer 31

CONTEXT!

Question 32

Differentiate between a clique and a crowd

Answer 32

A clique is a group of 3-9 members while a crowd is a collection of cliques with about 20 members

Question 33

Discuss the role of adolescent peer groups

Answer 33

Gang membership introduces adolescents to a criminal career
Bullying within peer groups can seriously affect the psychosocial development and adjustment of victims and bullies alike

Question 34

Describe the consequences of adolescent pregnancy on the baby

Answer 34

More likely to be premature
Have low birth weight and neurological defects,
More likely to die during their first year.
Delays in cognitive development emerge during the preschool years, as well as behavioural problems including aggression and lack of impulse control

Question 35

Describe the consequences of adolescent pregnancy on the parents

Answer 35

Less likely to complete secondary or tertiary education
Less likely to find a stable well-paying job
Less likely to enter a secure marriage and to achieve an average or above-average income in their lifetimes

Question 36

Define critical thinking

Answer 36

Open, reflective and creative thinking about complex issues, often involving a commitment to a belief after deep consideration

Question 37

Define hypothetico-deductive reasoning

Answer 37

A logical form of thinking in which hypotheses are systematically tested using scientific method

Question 38

Define adolescent egocentrism

Answer 38

The tendency of adolescents to perceive the thoughts, motives and actions of other people from their own perspective