Adolescence Flashcards
What age is considered adolescence?
12-20
List and give an example of the four main categories of perception of adolescence
Ideal- top performing student, parasite- living with parents, threat- violent, victim- need to be protected
List some expectation of behaviours of adolescents
Moody, defiant, challenging
When does the maximum rate of growth occur in girls? In boys?
Girls- 12
Boys- 14
Differentiate between primary and secondary sex characteristics
The modifications occurring at puberty lead to the development of the sex organs that are directly involved in reproduction, and are therefore called primary sex characteristics. External changes in other organs are called secondary sex characteristics such as breast and beard development.
What is the appearance of the first menstrual cycle called?
Menarche
Describe what happens to girls during puberty
Breasts mature
Pubic and underarm hair appears
Menstruation cycles begin
Describe what happens to boys during puberty
Enlarging of the testes, scrotum and penis
Pubic underarm and facial hair appears,
First ejaculation
What is the first ejaculation called?
Spermarche
What is the male hormone that influences puberty?
Testosterone
What is the female hormone that influences puberty?
Oestrogen
What are the consequences for early-maturing boys?
They are more aggressive but have a more positive self-image and greater popularity
What are the consequences for early-maturing girls?
There are very few differences, however it is seen as a disadvantage to be an early maturing girl as they are more likely to experiment with older men
What are the consequences for late-maturing boys?
They may suffer from lowered self-esteem due to physical disadvantage in sporting activities and social rejection by girls because of their immature appearance
What are the consequences for late-maturing girls?
Greater body esteem
What are the major health threats to adolescents?
Exposure to STIs,
Substance abuse including drugs, drinking and smoking
Obesity and eating disorders
Why are adolescents more vulnerable to health threats than other age groups?
Teenagers are prone to risk-taking behaviours
According to Piaget, how is adolescence characteristed?
By the development of formal operational thought
Define metacognition
The ability to think about your thinking. You know how you can improve and reflecting
Development in cognition leads to…
Greater knowledge
Improved skills
Improved memory –> short term/working memory & long-term (stored) memory
Improved attention and meta-cognition
How many stages are there in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
Six
Which stages of Kohlberg’s theory are seen as ‘too gender-specific’ and who stated this?
The final two stages
Gilligan
Describe the three levels of Kohlberg’s stages of moral judgement
Preconventional level- emphasis on avoiding punishments and getting awards
Conventional level- emphasis on social rules
Post-conventional level- emphasis on moral principles
Describe the first 3 stages of Kohlberg’s stages of moral judgement
Stage 1- Good is what follows externally imposed rules and rewards and is whatever avoids punishment
Stage 2- Good is whatever is agreeable to the individual and to anyone who gives or receives favours
Stage 3- Good is whatever pleases or helps others and brings approval from friends or peer group
Describe the last 3 stages of Kohlberg’s stages of moral judgement
Stage 4- Good is whatever conforms to existing laws, customs and authorities; contributions for the good of society as a whole
Stage 5- Good depends upon consensus principles in the face of various individual values; common principles should be upheld for the ultimate welfare of society
Stage 6- Good is whatever is consistent with personal , general moral principles relating to universal justice and human rights that may be at odds with society’s laws.
How many stages are there in Gilligan’s stages of moral development?
3
Describe Gilligan’s stages of moral development?
Stage 1- survival orientation (ME)- egocentric concern for self, lack of awareness of others’ needs; ‘right’ action is what promotes emotional or physical survival
Stage 2- Conventional care (YOU)- Lack of distinction between what others want and what is right; ‘right’ action is whatever pleases others best
Stage 3- Integrated care (BALANCE)- coordination or integration of needs of self and of others; ‘right’ action takes account of self as well as others
What stage of Erikson’s is adolescence associated with
Identity vs role confusion
List and define the four identity status types according to Marcia
- Achievement- adolescents explore different alternatives in the various identity areas before committing to a relatively coherent and consistent identity
- Moratorium- indicated when adolescents have begun a process of actively exploring different roles, but are yet to make commitments.
- Foreclosure- the individual arrives at a committed identity without going through the process of exploration. (Often to please parents)
- Diffusion- Identity diffused individuals begin the process of identity formation later in life, perhaps when barriers to role exploration have been removed
Explain how a sense of self develops during adolescence
Self- concept is based on more abstract beliefs and values than the concrete and comparative ideas of self during childhood
What influences the development of a personal identity during adolescence
CONTEXT!
Differentiate between a clique and a crowd
A clique is a group of 3-9 members while a crowd is a collection of cliques with about 20 members
Discuss the role of adolescent peer groups
Gang membership introduces adolescents to a criminal career
Bullying within peer groups can seriously affect the psychosocial development and adjustment of victims and bullies alike
Describe the consequences of adolescent pregnancy on the baby
More likely to be premature
Have low birth weight and neurological defects,
More likely to die during their first year.
Delays in cognitive development emerge during the preschool years, as well as behavioural problems including aggression and lack of impulse control
Describe the consequences of adolescent pregnancy on the parents
Less likely to complete secondary or tertiary education
Less likely to find a stable well-paying job
Less likely to enter a secure marriage and to achieve an average or above-average income in their lifetimes
Define critical thinking
Open, reflective and creative thinking about complex issues, often involving a commitment to a belief after deep consideration
Define hypothetico-deductive reasoning
A logical form of thinking in which hypotheses are systematically tested using scientific method
Define adolescent egocentrism
The tendency of adolescents to perceive the thoughts, motives and actions of other people from their own perspective
