administracion d produccion Flashcards
Supply (chain) network
The pipelinelike movement of the materials and information needed to produce a good or service
Triple bottom line strategy
A strategy that meets the needs of shareholders and employees and that preserves the environment.
Planning
The processes needed to determine the set of future actions required to operate an existing supply chain
Sourcing
The selection of suppliers.
Making
A type of process where a major product is produced or a service provided
Delivery
A type of process that moves products to
warehouses or customers.
Returning
Processes that involve the receiving of wornout, defective, and excess products back from customers and support for customers who have problems
Service
A type of business where the major product is
intangible, meaning it cannot be weighed or
measured
Productservice bundling
Refers to when a company builds service activities into its product offerings.
Efficiency
Means doing something at the lowest
possible cost
Effectiveness
Means doing the right things to create the
most value for the company
Value
Abstractly defined as quality divided by
price.
Total
quality management.
A philosophy that aggressively seeks to eliminate causes of production defects
Business process
reengineering
An approach that seeks to make revolutionary changes as opposed to revolutionary changes (which is advocated by total quality management)
Lean manufacturing
An approach that combines TQM and JIT.
Six Sigma quality
Tools that are taught to managers in “Green
and Black Belt Programs.”
Service science management and
engineering.
A program to apply the latest concepts in information technology to improve service productivity
Contract
manufacturer
An organization capable of manufacturing or purchasing all the components needed to produce a finished product or device.
Core competency
The one thing that a company can do better
than its competitors.
The six phases of the product development
process.
Planning, concept development, system-level design, detail design, testing, production ramp-up
Net present value
A useful tool for the economic analysis of a product development project.
Quality function development
An approach that uses interfunctional teams
to get input from the customer in design
specification
House of quality
A matrix of information that helps a team
translate customer requirements into operating
or engineering goals.
Design for
manufacturing and assembly
The greatest improvements from this arise from simplification of the product by reducing the number of separate parts
Ecodesign
The incorporation of environmental considerations into the design and development of products or services
Best operating level
The level of capacity for which a process was designed and at which it operates at minimum cost
85.7 percent
A facility has a maximum capacity of 4,000 units per day using overtime and skipping the
daily maintenance routine. At 3,500 units per day, the facility operates at a level where average cost per unit is minimized. Currently, the process is scheduled to operate at a level of 3,000 units per day. What is the capacity utilization rate?
Economies of scale
The concept that relates to gaining efficiency through the full utilization of dedicated resources, such as people and equipment.
Focused factory
A facility that limits its production to a single product or a set of very similar products.
Economies of scope
When multiple (usually similar) products can be produced in a facility less expensively than a single product
70 percent
In a service process such as the checkout counter in a discount store, what is a good target percent for capacity utilization?
Learning curve
The line that shows the relationship between the time to produce a unit and the cumulative number of units produced.
Individual learning
Improvement that derives from people
repeating a process and gaining skill or
efficiency
Organizational learning
Improvement that comes from changes in
administration, equipment, and product design
64 hours
Assuming an 80 percent learning rate, if the 4th unit takes 100 hours to produce, the 16th unit should take how long to produce?
a straight line
The resulting plot of a learning curve when logarithmic scales are used.
Highly automated
system
Systems that have this characteristic usually
have near-zero learning
A process
This is a part of an organization that takes inputs and transforms them into outputs
Utilization
This is the ratio of the time that a resource is
activated relative to the time it is available for
use
Starving
This is when one or more activities stop
because of a lack of work.
Blocking
This is when an activity stops because there is no place to put the work that was just completed.
Bottleneck
This is a step in a process that is the slowest compared to the other steps. This step limits the capacity of the process
Make-to-stock
versus make-to-order
What is the difference between McDonald’s
old and current processes?
Pacing
This refers to the fixed timing of the movement of items through a process.
Benchmarking
This is when one company compares itself to another relative to operations performance.
Flow time
This is the time it takes a unit to travel through the process from beginning to end. It includes time waiting in queues and buffers
Little’s law
The relationship between time and units in a process is called this
Inventory = Throughput rate × Flow time
What is the mathematical relationship between time and units in a process?
Process is operating in steady state
What is the major assumption about how a
process is operating for Little’s law to be valid?
Specialization
What is the double-edged sword of job
design?
Job enrichment and enlargement
This is when a job is increased vertically or
horizontally
four basic work measurement techniques.
Time study, work sampling, predetermined motion-time data systems, elemental data
Make-to-order
A firm that makes predesigned products
directly to fill customer orders has this type of
production environment
Customer order decoupling point
A point where inventory is positioned to allow the production process to operate independently of the customer order delivery process
Engineer-to-order
A firm that designs and builds products from scratch according to customer specifications would have this type of production environment.
21 units = 42/2.
If a production process makes a unit every two hours and it takes 42 hours for the unit to go through the entire process, what is the expected work-in-process equal to?
7.5 turns = (1,500 × 50)/10,000
A finished goods inventory, on average, contains 10,000 units. Demand averages 1,500 units per week. Given that the process runs 50 weeks a year, what is the expected inventory turn for the inventory? Assume that each item held in inventory is valued at about the same amount.
Manufacturing cell
This is a production layout where similar products are made. Typically, it is scheduled on an as-needed basis in response to current customer demand.
Product–process matrix
The relationship between how different layout
structures are best suited depending on volume
and product variety characteristics is depicted
on this type of graph
An area in a larger facility that is dedicated to a specific
production objective (for example, product group). This can be used to operationalize the
focused factory concept.
Plant within a plant (PWP)
Combines the features of both make-to-order and make-to-stock.
Hybrid
A measure of how well resources are used. According to Goldratt’s definition, all
the actions that bring a company closer to its goals
Productivity
Movement of items through a process is coordinated through a timing mechanism.
pacing
The ratio of the value-added time to the flow time.
Process velocity
Value-added time
The time in which useful work is actually being done on the unit
Days-of-supply
The number of days of inventory of an item.
Lead time
The time needed to respond to a customer order.
A production environment where pre-assembled components,
subassemblies, and modules are put together in response to a specific customer order
Assemble-to-order
make-to-stock
A production environment where the customer is served “on-demand” from
finished goods inventory.
Project layout
A setup in which the product remains at one location, and equipment is moved
to the product.
Continuous process
A process that converts raw materials into finished product in one
contiguous process
A computer system that links all areas of a
company using an integrated set of application
programs and a common database.
Enterprise resource planning (ERP) system
The application programs are designed in
accordance with industry norms or
Best practices
False
True/False: Implementing an ERP system is a
simple exercise that involves loading software on a computer.
A term used for delivering ERP services on
demand over the Internet.
Cloud computing
The name of Microsoft’s ERP offering.
Microsoft Dynamics
Part of an ERP system that manages the
activities within a certain functional area
Module
A set of processes to enable vendor-driven
replenishment.
Vendor-managed inventory
Delivery performance
A metric that measures the percentage of orders shipped according to Schedule.
The model most appropriate for making a one-
time purchase of an item.
Single-period model.
The model most appropriate when inventory is
replenished only in fixed intervals of time for
example, on the first Monday of each month.
Fixed–time period model
Fixed–order quantity model
The model most appropriate when a fixed
amount must be purchased each time an order is placed.
Based on an EOQ-type ordering criterion, what
cost must be taken to zero if the desire is to have an order quantity of a single unit?
Setup or ordering cost
Dependent demand
Term used to describe demand that can be
accurately calculated to meet the need of a
production schedule
Term used to describe demand that is uncertain and needs to be forecast.
Independent demand
This is an inventory auditing technique where
inventory levels are checked more frequently than one time a year.
cycle counting
Term used for a computer system that integrates application programs for the different functions in a firm.
Enterprise resource planning (ERP)
Logic used to calculate the needed parts,
components, and other materials needed to
produce an end item.
Material requirements planning (MRP)
This drives the MRP calculations and is a
detailed plan for how we expect to meet demand.
Master production schedule
Period of time during which a customer has a
specified level of opportunity to make changes.
Time fence
This identifies the specific materials used to
make each item and the correct quantities of each.
Bill-of-materials
These are orders that have already been
released and are to arrive in the future
Scheduled receipts
This is the total amount required for a particular item.
Gross requirements
This is the amount needed after considering
what we currently have in inventory and what we expect to arrive in the future
Net requirements
The planned-order receipt and planned-order
release are offset by this amount of time.
Lead time
These are the part quantities issued in the
planned order release section of an MRP report.
Lot sizes
The term for ordering exactly what is needed
each period without regard to economic considerations.
Lot-for-lot ordering
None of the techniques for determining order
quantity consider this important noneconomic factor that could make the order quantity infeasible.
Capacity
An integrated set of activities designed to
achieve production using minimal inventories of raw materials, work-in-process, and finished goods.
Lean Manufacturing
