Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pharm Test 5 > ADHD > Flashcards

ADHD Flashcards

1
Q

What is the age in gender in which ADHD is usually diagnosed?

A

More frequent in males around the age of seven years old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are possible comorbid diseases that are usually diagnosed in boys with ADHD

A

Substance use autism spectrum disorders sleep apnea ticks, oppositional, defiant disorder, conducted disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are comorbid conditions in girls with ADHD?

A

Typically, an internalizing condition like anxiety or depression. Learning language problems are also common.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the three different types of ADHD presentations?

A

Predominantly inattentive, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive, and combined which is six or more symptoms of both in attention and hyperactivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the latest onset of symptoms for an ADHD diagnosis?

A

Symptoms must’ve started before the age of 12 and be present in at least two settings that cost significant distress or impairment and social, academic or occupational function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a genetic cause of ADHD?

A

An imbalance of catecholamine specifically norepinephrine and dopamine in the cerebral cortex. They respond to methylphenidate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are some environmental factors that can cause ADHD?

A

Premature or low birthweight prenatal exposure to alcohol, dietary influences like food, additives, refined sugar, and food allergies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

A what are the active ingredients of amphetamines used to treat ADHD?

A

Dextroamphetamine and levo amphetamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the non-stimulant medication’s used for ADHD

A

A Norr epinephrine reuptake inhibitor called atomoxetine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the fourth line treatments of ADHD

A

Alpha2 adrenergic agonist, like clonidine or tricyclic, antidepressants, and bupropion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the ADHD medication methylphenidate made of and how does it work?

A

It stimulates the release of neurotransmission of Nor epinephrine and dopamine and blocks norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake.
It’s a 50-50 mixture of dextro and levo isomers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does food affect the metabolism of methylphenidate?

A

Food delays the peak concentration time by about an hour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the ADHD medication atomoxetine made of and how does it work?

A

It is an SNRI non-stimulant made of benzene propanamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What types of meals to delay the absorption time of atomoxetine

A

High fat meals will delay by three hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the adverse effects of methylphenidate?

A

Insomnia, restlessness, irritability, tics, anorexia growth, retardation, weight loss, emotional liability, hypertension, and tachycardia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Who is methylphenidate contraindicated in?

A

Patient is taking MAOIs hypersensitivity motor tics Tourette’s syndrome and people at high risk for anxiety or agitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the adverse effects of atomoxetine?

A

Decreased appetite, weight loss, headache, nausea, vomiting, irritability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the blackbox warning for atomoxetine

A

Increased risk for suicide in children in adolescence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How rapid is the response atomoxetine?

A

You typically see improvements within 3 to 4 weeks unlike stimulants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How is behavioral therapy implemented for ADHD?

A

It includes interventions that modify physical and social environments to change the behavior and starts by training parents in the techniques. They should consistently apply rewards and consequences.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What age range is PTBM most appropriate for

A

Four years to six years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What age group is behavior therapy plus medication’s appropriate for

A

Older children and adults at least above the age of six

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the first line of therapy indicated in children ages 6 to 12

A

Stimulants, especially methylphenidate that’s available in a transdermal formulation that simplifies pediatric dosing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the second line of therapy recommended for ages 6 to 12 for ADHD

A

The SNRI atomoxetine or viloxazine. Especially appropriate when they’re substance use among household members.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the third line drug choice for ADHD in age of 6 to 12 years old
Extended release, guanfacine or clonidine
26
What are the three stages of pharmacotherapy for ADHD?
Titration, maintenance and termination
27
What type of therapy for ADHD is appropriate in adults?
Psychotherapy that focuses on helping patients develop skills to resolve specific issues like learning how to reduce impulsive behavior and improving time management and organization skills
28
What are the stimulant medications appropriate in adult adults?
Methylphenidate, dextroamphetamine, lisdexmethamphetamine
29
What are the non-stimulant medications that are appropriate for ADHD adults
Atomoxetine viloxazine guanfacine and clonidine
30
What is the definition of misuse in substance use disorders
Intentional therapeutic use of a drug in an inappropriate way
31
What is the definition of abuse in substance use disorders
An intentional non-therapeutic use of a drug or substance for the purpose of achieving a desirable, psychological or physiological effect
32
What is the criteria someone has to meet to qualify for substance use disorder?
They have two or more of the criteria related to substance use in a 12 month period.
33
What is the suggested therapy for patients to reduce the severity of withdrawal symptoms that are opioid dependent?
Medication assisted treatment by using medication to reduce cravings or other symptoms
34
What medications are used in MAT therapy?
Methadone and buprenorphine as well as alpha two allergic agonist, like clonidine and lofexidine
35
What is the scheduled to medication used in MAT therapy?
Methadone
36
What are the medication’s used to associated with alcohol use disorders for MAT
Acamprostate, disulfiram, and naltrexone
37
What are the drugs of choice for street users of opioids?
Heroin, morphine, and oxycodone
38
What is the drug of choice for healthcare providers?
Meperidine and fentanyl
39
Which specialties in medicine have higher rates of drug abuse
Anesthesia emergency medicine and psychiatry
40
What is a prototypical opioid?
Morphine
41
What is the most commonly abused opioid?
Heroin it is a derivative of morphine
42
What drug is used as the reversal of opioids
Naloxone or naltrexone. Naltrexone is a newer opioid antagonist that has a longer half-life than naloxone, and it is approved for the prevention of relapse and adult patients following complete detoxification from opioids and can be taken as a once a month injection or orally.
43
When should naltrexone be used in medically supervised withdrawal?
It should not be used prior to the completion of withdrawal from opioids because naltrexone can cause immediate withdrawal symptoms
44
What are the symptoms of opioid withdrawal?
Drug craving anxiety, restlessness, G.I. distress, diaphoresis, and tachycardia
45
When is full to detoxification from opioids achieved?
When the opioid antagonist naloxone is started
46
What is the first line of treatment for most MAT opioid withdrawal therapy
Buprenorphine because methadone’s risk of lethal overdose limited used to inpatient settings
47
How is buprenorphine given for MAT therapy?
It is combined with naloxone and administered sublingually or in the inside of the cheek with a gradual increase over one to two days to target dose and has a very slow taper to discontinue over a period of several months
48
What schedule is buprenorphine?
It’s scheduled three
49
What are the adverse effects of buprenorphine?
Headache, diaphoresis, nausea, constipation, and abdominal pain
50
How should buprenorphine be used in pregnancy?
You should fallow ACOG guidelines and treatment should begin as early in pregnancy as possible
51
What withdrawal symptoms of abstinence with methadone?
Lacrimation,rhinorrhea , yawning, sweating, weakness, chills, nausea, vomiting, tremor, muscle jerks and rapid deep breathing
52
What medications can be used in combination with methadone to suppress the withdrawal symptoms
Clonidine and buprenorphine
53
How is methadone administered?
Once a day after the induction, period is over
54
How long after a missed dose of methadone does a patient exhibit opioid withdrawal
24 to 36 hours
55
What should patient on methadone therapy avoid
Alcohol or other hepatotoxic drugs
56
What are the adverse effects of methadone
Respiratory depression, flushing, bradycardia, palpitations, nausea, vomiting, sweating, dizziness, urinary retention, puritis , and decrease libido
57
What cardiology issues can methadone cause at high doses
QT prolongation or torsades
58
What can sedative hypnotic be used for
Reduce inhibitions, suppressing anxiety, and produced relaxation
59
What three drug classes can be used as a sedative hypnotic
Ethanol, barbiturates, and benzos
60
What is the barbiturate used as a sedative hypnotic?
Phenobarbital
61
What are the four benzodiazepines used as a sedative hypnotic?
Letrozole, lorazepam, flunitrazepam, and clonazepam
62
What side effects of sedative hypnotics cause
Intoxication affects like sedation, reducing anxiety, feelings of well-being, confusion, and impaired memory
63
What is the most commonly used sedative hypnotic in children and adolescence?
Ethanol
64
How do you manage overdose of a sedative hypnotic?
Maintenance of a patent airway and administration of flumazenil to reverse the CNS depressant effects of the benzodiazepines. There are no reversal for barbiturates or ethanol.
65
What does chronic abuse of amphetamines lead to?
Delusions and paranoia that is difficult to differentiate from schizophrenia
66
What are symptoms of overdose from amphetamines?
M agitation, restlessness, tachycardia, and hyperthermia, hyperreflexia and seizures
67
How to treat patients on amphetamine overdoses
Supportive measures to control body temperature and protect against cardiac arrhythmias and seizures
68
Which drug is an inhibitor of CNS transporters of dopamine norepinephrine serotonin, and has amphetamine like effects
Cocaine
69
What causes the cardiac toxicity associated with cocaine?
The blockade of norepinephrine reuptake caused by the cocaine and the powerful vasoconstrictive action of cocaine that can lead to severe hypertension state, resulting in myocardial infarction and stroke.
70
What are the classic hallucinogens?
The indole class which acts on serotonin like LSD psilocybin and DMT. The catechol class which are plant alkaloids like mescaline and nutmeg, which are mushrooms similar to catecholamine neurotransmitters dopamine, and Norepinephrine
71
What are the disassociative anesthetics?
They’re hallucinogens like phencyclidine or PCP, also known as angel dust
72
What are the deliriant hallucinogens?
They are compounds derived from belladonna alkaloids that produce sensations of leaving the body sewing through the air or changing into animal form. The classic anticholinergic deliriants are atropine scopolamine and hyoscamine
73
What are the designer drug hallucinogens?
Their drugs with hallucinogenic properties that are slight modifications of parent compounds like amphetamine, analog, such as MDMA or ecstasy and PMA (death and Dr death) which is responsible for many accidental deaths
74
What is hallucinogen persisting perception disorder?
They are flashbacks characterized by persistent perceptual abnormalities that mimic the effect of acute hallucinogen intoxication that are not attributable to another medical or psychiatric condition and can persist for weeks or months after the last hallucinogen exposure also known as HPPD. It can result in the destruction of inhibitory interneurons, which worsens the flashback symptoms.
75
Which two medications can worsen HPPD
The antipsychotic drugs, risperidone, and SSRIs
76
What is kratam
A tropic tree from southeast Asia the leaves are used because they have a psychoactive ingredient and are typically crushed and smoked brewed with tea or made into gel capsules two compounds found in the leaves interact with Kappa opioid receptors that produce euphoria and sedation and possibly decrease pain, depression, and anxiety. It can cause death.
77
What is marjuana derived from?
Cannabis sativa, which is a sticky resin that covers the flowering tops and upper leaves most abundantly secreted by female plants
78
What is the most common active chemical of cannabis plants?
THC
79
How does THC affect the brain?
It buys to cannabinoid receptors in the brain and peripheral nervous system, causing a sensation of pleasure and reward. The cannibal receptors are a class of some membrane receptors under G protein, coupled receptor, super family.
80
What is the peak time of THC?
On inhalation it affects our apparent within minutes if it’s ingested orally, there’s a delay at about half an hour to two hours with a large first pass effect
81
What are the various names of synthetic cannabinoids?
Spice ,K2, Joker, and black mamba
82
Why do people use synthetic cannabinoids?
It’s an alternative to marijuana, particularly because of their ability to escape detection on standard drug screening test, and they are much more potent
83
What are the side effects of synthetic cannabinoids?
Nausea, vomiting, dyspnea, hypertension, super ventricular, tachycardia, syncope, acute kidney injury, hyperkalemia, insomnia, agitation, suicidal ideation, seizures, and cognitive impairment. It is also been laced with vitamin K antagonist, which can result in severe bleeding.
84
R what can excessive use of anabolic steroids lead to?
Behavioral cardiovascular and Musco, skeletal effects, acne, premature closure of phthisis, and masculinization and females are anticipated and anergic effects. Hepatic dysfunction has also been reported and an increased risk of MI behavioral manifestations include increased libido and aggression.
85
What are the withdrawal symptoms of anabolic steroids?
Fatigue, depression, paranoia, suicidal thoughts
86
Withdrawal of an anabolic steroids are similar to what other drugs
Cocaine, alcohol, and opioid abuse
87
What drug makes a bit a powerful vasoconstrictive effect, resulting in severe hypertensive crisis
Cocaine

Pharm Test 5 (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions