Additional Cariology Notes

Question 1

what layer of blood vessels thickens as you age

Answer 1

tunica intima

Question 2

what does aortic arch … form?
3
4
6

Answer 2

3 = common carotids
4 = right subclavian 
6 = sprouts branches that form the PAs

Question 3

what does … vein drain?
cardinal
vitelline
umbilical

Answer 3

C = anterior - head and neck, posterior - trunk
V = yolk sac
U = oxygenated blood from the placenta

Question 4

ductus venosus

Answer 4

connetcs umbilical vein to vena cava to bypass liver

Question 5

foramen ovale

Answer 5

artial septum opening connecting the RA to the LA

Question 6

ductus arteriosus

Answer 6

connects pulmonary bifurcation to the descending aorta

kept open by PGE2

Question 7

What happens when platelets are activated?

Answer 7

they synthesise TXA2 which binds to a GPCR which releases ADP and 5-HT
TXA2 also binds to vascular smooth muscle receptors causing vasoconstriction

Question 8

What happens to the ADP released by the TXA2 on the GPCR in the coagulation cascade

Answer 8

it binds to P2Y12 receptors that activate more platelets which then aggregate therefore ADP and TXA2 increase GbIIb and GbIIIa receptor expression

Question 9

what is the coagulation cascade sequence

Answer 9

X –> IXa VIIIa – II –> Xa Va –> IIa – firbinogen –> fibrin

Question 10

where do the following drugs block the coagulation cascade:
warfarin
rivaroxaban 
herparin, fondaparinux, LMWH
dabigatran 
heparin

Answer 10

W = blocks X and II 
R = inhibits Xa
H, F, L = block Va via antithrombin III
D = inhibits IIa 
H = inhibits IIa via antithrombin III

Question 11

what is von Willebrand fator and where does it bind

Answer 11

protein that binds to VIII inhibiting VIIIa

Question 12

where does aspirin and ifetroban block

Answer 12

A = COX-1
I = TXA2 synthase

Question 13

how can TXA2 also be synthesised

Answer 13

by the enzymes COX and TXA2 synthase