Addiction and Unhealthy Behaviours Flashcards by Laura Bunce

Define 3 characteristics of anorexia nervosa

Fear of becoming obese
Disturbed body image
A refusal to maintain normal body weight
Amenorrhea (not criteria anymore)
Starvation

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Give 4 problems can starvation cause

o	Potentially fatal
o	Low blood pressure
o	CVD
o	Concentration problems 
o	Anaemia
o	Kidney failure

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Define 3 characteristics of bulimia

Awareness of the pattern being abnormal
Depressed mood and self-deprecation
Fear of being unable to stop eating/Lack of control
Persistent over-concern with body shape and weight
Guilt or eating alone

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What is the prevalence of eating disorders in sport (1988 survey)

Surveyed 695 athletes
3% met criteria for anorexia
21% met criteria for bulimia

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Give 4 predisposing factors for eating disorders in sport

	Weight restrictions and standards- weight dependent sports 
	Judging criteria- aesthetic sports
	Performance demands Pre
	Coach-applied pressure 
	Peer pressure

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Give 3 high risk sports for eating disorders

	Swimming
	Running (track &amp; field and cross country) 
	Gymnastics
	Diving 
	Synchronised Swimming 
	Wrestling
	Judo
	Lightweight Rowing

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Why might athletes suffer from an eating disorder?

Required for performance excellence
Required to reach aesthetic ideals of beauty
Remark by a member of athletic staff concerning need to lose weight
Required to meet a lower weight category

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How might we test someone for an eating disorder

Questionnaires:
 Diagnostic Survey for Eating Disorders-Revised (DSED: Johnson & Pure, 1986)
 Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI: Garner et al., 1983)
 SCOFF (Morgan, 1999)
Medical assessment:
Behavioural observation

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Give 5 symptoms of an eating disorder

Sores or callouses on knuckles
Headaches, dizziness, or weakness 
Weight too low
Weight loss/change
Hypoglycaemia
Stress fractures
Eating alone 
Disappearance after meals
Guilt about eating
Changes in mood
Body distortion statements- claims of fatness
Frequent weighing

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How would you make a referral for someone suffering from an eating disorder

 The referral should be made by someone who has a good rapport with the individual
 Emphasize feelings rather than directly focusing on eating behaviours
 Be supportive and ensure confidentially
 Make a referral to a specific clinic

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What are the 5 types of therapy which can be used to treat eating disorders

Individual
Group
Family
Inpatient
Psychoactive medication

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How could you prevent an eating disorder

	De-emphasise body weight 
	Provide nutritional education 
	Focus on fitness, not body weight 
	Promote sensitivity to weight issues 
	Promote healthy management of weight

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Define substance abuse

A maladaptive pattern of psychoactive substance

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Give the 2 defining characteristics of substance abuse

continued use despite side-effects

- use in hazardous situations (driving etc)

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Define drug addiction

A state where both discontinuing or continuous use of a drug creates an overwhelming desire, need, and craving for more of the substance

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Give 4 symptoms of drug addiction

Tolerance
Withdrawal symptoms
Limited control
Negative consequences
Neglected/postponed activities
Significant time or energy spent trying to obtain the substance
Desire to cut down

What at the 5 categories of performance enhancing drugs

	Anabolic steroids
	Stimulants 
	Narcotic analgesics
	Beta-blockers
	Diuretics

Give 3 reasons athletes may take drugs in sport

Improving athletic performance (48%)
To look better (28%)
To prevent injuries (10%)
Social reasons (6%)
Other reasons (8%)

Give 3 physical symptoms of drug abuse

 Bloodshot eyes
 Dark circles under eyes
 Profuse sweating
 Heightened sensitivity to touch, smell, and sound
 Chronic fatigue
 Trouble maintaining normal body temperature

Give 3 Behavioural signs of drug abuse

	Unusually secretive behaviour 
	Social isolation or new circle of friends
	High-risk taking behaviour 
	Irresponsible 
	Increased tardiness 
	Lack of money
	Argumentative

Give 3 emotional signs of drug abuse

	Extreme mood swings
	Irritability
	Less affectionate 
	Highly reactive
	Heightened aggression 
	Recurrent depressive episodes

Give 3 cognitive signs of drug abuse

	Decreased mental capacities 
	Disordered thinking
	Paranoia 
	Denial of problems
	Superman complex 
	Shortened attention span 
	Thoughts of suicide

Give 4 ways we can try and control drug use

Provide education
Provide Social Support
Build Self-Confidence and Self-Esteem
Professional counselling
Promotion of the perception of meaningful team role
Teach sport skills
Avoid boredom
Develop and implement drugs policy and plan of action
Have continuous and random drugs testing programme
Use behavioural contracting

Give 3 effects of stimulants

reduced fatigue
increased alertness
increased endurance
increased aggression
anxiety
insomnia
dehydration
death

Give 3 effects of narcotic analgesics

- reduced pain - drowsiness - constipation - fear and anxiety - dependence - dry mouth - itchiness

Give 3 effects of anabolic steroids

- increased strength - increased endurance - improved mental attitude - increased recovery rates - liver disease - heart disease - infertility - increased testosterone

Give 3 effects of beta blockers

- steadied nerves - lower BP and HR - light-headedness - nausea - cramps

Give 3 effects of directics

- temporary weight loss - kidney problems - muscle spasms - CVD - Dizziness - Stomach problems - Blood disorders

Give 3 effects of peptide hormones

- Increased strength - CVD - Shortened lifespan - Increased growth of organs - menstrual problems

Describe the sports deterrence model of drug abuse

``` costs: legal sanctions social sanctions self-impaired sanctions health concerns ```

Give 2 factors are the individual's perceived cost-benefit analysis affected by

- prevalence perceptions - experience - professional status - perception of authority legitimacy - type of drug

Give 3 ways you could prevent substance abuse

- social support - education - cheating/unfair - setting a good example - teaching coping skills - feedback programs

Define addiction to exercise

A psychological/physiological dependence on a regular regime of exercise, including withdrawal symptoms

Give 3 symptoms of exercise dependency

- stereotyped pattern of exercise, once or more daily - Increased priority over other activities - Increased tolerance to the amount of exercise performed - Withdrawal symptoms following cessation of exercise - awareness of their compulsion - Rapid reinstatement of exercise pattern following period of abstinence

Give 2 withdrawal symptoms

- tension - restlessness - Irritability - Depression - Interpersonal problems - feelings of guilt

Give 3 ways to prevent exercise dependency

``` -schedule rest days workout regularly with a slower partner -stop if injured until healed -train hard-easy -set realistic goals ```

Give 2 signs of compulsive gambling

- boastfulness - unbounded optimism - arrogance - extreme competitiveness

Describe the Trans-theoretical model of behaviour changing

``` stage based approach: self efficacy, decisional balance, process of change lead to a stage of contemplation: -precontemplation -contemplation -preparation -action -maintenance ```