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IHO WEEK 2 > Adaptive Immunity- Diebel > Flashcards

Adaptive Immunity- Diebel Flashcards

1
Q

What is an epitope?

A

Small part of an antigenic molecule, 10-20 amino acids

Region on antigen that can be recognizes by an antibody of by T-cell receptors (aka antigenic determinants)

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2
Q

How long does it take for the adaptive immune response activation?

A

7-10 days

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3
Q

Describe the different roles of T and B cells in the adaptive immune response?

A

B-cells protect the extracellular spaces - fluids blood secretions by releasing antibodies

T-cells- in charge of cell-mediated immunity (surveys the surface of body’s cells)

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4
Q

What is the difference between class I and class II antigens?

A

Class 1 = antigens synthesized within the cells (recognized by CD8+ Killer T-Cells)

Class 2 = antigens are products of phagocytosis (recognized by CD4+ Helper T-cells)`

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5
Q

What is CD3?

A

T- Cell Receptor!! (TCR)

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6
Q

What is the big difference between gamma-delta and alpha-beta T cells?

A

alpha beta must bind antigen+ MCH1 or MHC2

gamma-delta T-cells can function with out binding MHC and protect the mucosal surfaces of the body

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7
Q

The alpha-beta T-cell receptor will bind what on APCs?

A

Antigen

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8
Q

What does the CD4 or CD8 molecule on the T-cell bind to?

A 
CD4= MHC 2
CD8 = MHC 1
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9
Q

What molecules act as a co-stimulatory signal for T-cell activation?

A

CD28 on the T-cell binds to CD80/86 on the APC

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10
Q

What molecular interactions act to strengthen the adhesion between a T-cell and APC during the process of T-cell activation?

A

ICAM-1 on APC binds LFA-1 on TC

LFA-3 on APC binds CD2 on TC

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11
Q

Role of Th1?

A
  • makes lymphokine that attracts MACs

- INTENSE inflammation

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12
Q

Role of Th2?

A

stimulate MACs to become “alternatively activated”

helps to wall off pathogens

promote healing

usually takes place after Th1 response

important in parasite immunity

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13
Q

Role of Th17?

A

Focused inflammation
More powerful than Th1

Implicated in serious forms of autoimmunity

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14
Q

Role of Follicular Helper T-cells? Tfh

A

stimulated by antigen
migrate from t-cell areas of lymph nodes into the B-cell follicles

help get B-cells activated and make the antibody subclass

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15
Q

Role of T regs?

A

Make cytokines that suppress the activation and function of Th1, Th17, Th2

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16
Q

Role of cytotoxic or killer T-cells?

A

Destroy any body cell they identify as bearing a forgien or abnormal antigen on its surface

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17
Q

What cytokines are general activators/ proproliferative of T-cells?

A

IL-2

IL-15

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18
Q

What cytokines drive differentiation towards Th1?

A

IL-12 and IFN-gamma

19
Q

What cytokines drive differentiation towards Th2?

A

IL-4

20
Q

Where would you find MHC Class I molecules?

A

ALL CELLS! except for red blood cells

21
Q

Describe function of Killer T Cells

A

Killer T cell recognizes abnormal antigen on MHC I molecule

expands and daughter cells circulate

once found the correct antigen, t-cell delivers lethal hit

Signals to cells to commit suicide through apoptosis

T-cells express FAS ligand, which binds to FAS on target cells and activates caspases

Also kills by releases cytotoxic agents (TNF, perforin, granzymes)

22
Q

What different molecules do T and B cells secrete?

A

B lymphocytes secrete antibodies

T lymphocytes secrete short-range cell mediators = lymphokines (subset of cytokines)

23
Q

Function of IgG

A

Two adajecent IgG bind antigen

cooperate to activate complement

24
Q

What is the only antibody that can cross the placenta and protect a newborn?

A

IgG

25
Q

Function of IgM

A

First to appear in blood after exposure to a new antigen

Located on B-cell surface (along with IgD)

It is replaced by IgG in a week or two after onset of infection

Polymeric

Better at activating complement than IgG

26
Q

Function of IgD

A

main form of antibody inserted into B-cell membranes (as antigen receptor)

27
Q

Function of IgA?

A

Most important class of antibody in the secretions like saliva, tears, genitourinary and intestinal fluids and milk

to be secreted must be combines with another chain= secretory component (gets from epithelial cells as its secreted)

28
Q

Which antibody acts as the first-line of defense against pathogens trying to gain access through mucous membranes?

A

IgA!

Secretory component makes it resistant to digestive enzymes

29
Q

Function of IgE?

A

Attaches to mast cells

When it enounters antigen, causes mast cells to make prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and cytokines and release powerful mediators of inflammation = HISTAMINE!

30
Q

What antibody plays an important role in resistance to parasites, such as worms?

A

IgE!

31
Q

Type 1 Hypersensitivity?

A

Patient make too much IgE to enviornmental antigen

32
Q

Type 2 Hypersensitivity?

A

Antibodies react against self

33
Q

Type 3 Hypersensitivity?

A

Occurs when someone makes antibody against a soluble antigen (antigen too small, get stuck in basement membrane and usual inflammatory response occurs)

34
Q

Type 4 Hypersensitivity?

A

Cell-mediated hypersensitivity causes by activated CD4+ T-cells

Examples: contact hypersensitivity to nickel
TB reaction
Granulomatous hypersensitivty

35
Q

X- linked agammaglobulienmia

A

Absence of B lymphocytes

36
Q

CD40 ligand deficiency

A

Failure of immunoglobulin class switching

37
Q

Activation-Induced Cytidine deaminase deficiency

A

Failure of immoglobulin class switching

38
Q

Common Variable IMmunodeficiency

A

A failure to produce antibodies against particular antigens

39
Q

Omenn Syndrome

A

VDJ recombination failure. Cannot produces T or B cell receptors

40
Q

X-linked severed combined immunodeficiency

A

A failure to produce mature T-lymphocytes

41
Q

DiGeroge syndrome

A

Failure of the thymus to develop correctly

42
Q

Hemophagocytic lymphoistioyctosis

A

Failure of CD8+ T cells and NK cells to produce and/or release lytic granules

43
Q

IPEX

A

A failure of peripheral tolerance due to defective regulatory T-cells

IHO WEEK 2 (11 decks)

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