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SP17: Micro/Immuno (Test 3) > Adaptive Immune Response > Flashcards

Adaptive Immune Response Flashcards

1
Q

What method of cell killing do natural killer cells utilize?

A

Degranulation

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2
Q

Where are naive t cells activated?

A

In a lymph node after contact with an antigen presenting cell

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3
Q

What are the three methods of costimulation for activation of CD8+ cells?

A
  1. APCs via B7 binding to CD28
  2. CD4+ helper cells via cytokines
  3. CD4+ helper cells increase APC activity via CD40L binding to CD40 on APC
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4
Q

What changes occur upon activation from naive t cell to differentiated cytotoxic T lymphocytes?

A
  1. Develop granules that are eventually released to kill cells
  2. Ability to secrete IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha
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5
Q

What is the importance of CD4+ T cells?

A

Although they do not directly kill infected cells they release critical cytokines

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6
Q

What cytokine does CD4+ t cells release that activates macrophages?

A

IFN-gamma

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7
Q

Which cytokines promote memory cells?

A

IL-7 and IL-15

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8
Q

Where do central memory t cells reside?

A

Lymph nodes

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9
Q

Where do effector memory t cells reside?

A

Peripheral tissue

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10
Q

What is the most prevalent antibody in the mouth?

A

IgA

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11
Q

How do NK cells recognize normal cells of the body so they don’t kill them?

A

Recognize self class I MHC (inhibited in infected cells)

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12
Q

What are the two important components of the granules used by Nk cells and CTLs?

A
  1. Perforin: allows for entry

2. Granzyme: induces apoptosis

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13
Q

How do intracellular pathogens try to evade the immune response?

A

Prevent cell from expressing MHC 1 properly

*NK cell will then kill it due to no MHC I inhibition

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14
Q

What are the two jobs of NK cells?

A
  1. Produce cytokines (IFN-gamma)

2. Naturally kill microbes

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15
Q

What is the process of a NK cell and macrophage working together to kill a microbe?

A

Macrophage phagocyticizes microbe -> produces IL-12 which stimulates NK cells -> NK cells release IFN-gamma -> macrophages kill microbes

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16
Q

What typically binds to the NK cells inhibitory receptor to show that it is a healthy normal cell?

A

MHC I with a self peptide

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17
Q

What is the role of CD8 and LFA-1 in CTL function?

A

They are accessory receptors.

CD8 binds to MHC class I
LFA-1 binds to ICAM-1
18
Q

What is FAS?

A

A molecule that can be used as an alternative killing method by CTLs

19
Q

___________ are made by _________ and constitute most of the defense against extracellular pathogens.

A

Antibodies; B cells

20
Q

T/F: Th2 immunity drives the antibody response.

A

TRUE

21
Q

Which molecules on a B cell bind? Which will signal?

A

IgM = binds

Igbeta and alpha = signal

22
Q

The B cell receptor can receive help from a ___________ receptor in order to activate the B cell.

A

Compliment

23
Q

Is the activation of 1 B cell receptor enough to activate a B cell?

A

NO

24
Q

What types of molecules can single handedly activate a B cell without T cell help?

A

Molecules with long repeats (can bind multiple B cell receptors). Ex. LPS

25
Q

____ is a T cell independent antibody and is often found in the blood early on in an infection.

A

IgM

26
Q

____ is a T-cell dependent antibody and is normally found several weeks after infection.

A

IgG

27
Q

What are the three major fates of B cells helped by Helper T cells?

A
  1. IgM: antibody secretion
  2. IgG: isotype switching
  3. Memory B cells
28
Q

What is necessary for T-B cell binding?

A

CD40 binds to CD40L

29
Q

In the T and B cell relationship, what types of molecules determine the B cell fate?

A

Cytokines from T cell

30
Q

What cytokine leads to IgG production?

A

IFN-gamma

31
Q

What cytokine leads to IgE production?

A

IL-4

32
Q

Various cytokines lead to production of what antibody often found in the oral mucosa?

A

IgA

33
Q

Which antibodies can lead to complement activation?

A

IgM, IgG, IgA

34
Q

Which antibodies can lead to the neutralization of microbes and toxins?

A

IgM, IgA, IgG

35
Q

Which antibodies can opsonize and phagocytize microbes?

A

IgG

36
Q

Which antibodies can create antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity?

A

IgG, IgE

37
Q

T/F: Vaccination is passive immunization.

A

FALSE

Active immunization

38
Q

What are the three types of live vaccines?

A
  1. Live Attenuated
  2. Heterologous
  3. Live recombinant
39
Q

What are the pros and cons of live vaccines?

A

Pros: best response, inexpensive

Cons: can’t use in immunocompromised, fear of reversion to virulence

40
Q

What are the pros and cons of killed vaccines?

A

Pros: safer; no worry of virulence

Cons: less effective immune response, expensive

41
Q

T/F: Vaccines are better at activating B cells than T cells.

A

TRUE

SP17: Micro/Immuno (Test 3) (8 decks)

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