Adaptions For Nutrition

Question 1

Definition of autotrophic organisms

Answer 1

Make their own food from simple inorganic raw materials- carbon dioxide and water

Question 2

Definition of photoautotrophic organisms

Answer 2

Use light as energy source and perform photosynthesis

• green plants, protoctista, some bacteria
• holophytic

Question 3

Definition of chemoautotrophic organisms

Answer 3

Use energy from chemical reactions

• all prokaryotes
• perform chemosynthesis - less efficient than photosynthesis
• no longer dominant life forms

Question 4

Definition of heterotrophic organism

Answer 4

An organism that obtains complex organic molecules from other organisms

Question 5

Definition of saprotroph

Answer 5

An organism that derives energy and raw materials for growth from the extracellular digestion of dead or decaying material.

Question 6

Definition of parasite

Answer 6

An organism that obtains its nutrition from living in or on a host, which is harmed

Question 7

Definition of holozoic nutrition

Answer 7

Ingest food, digest food and egest indigestible remains

Question 8

Definition of herbivores

Answer 8

Eat only plant materials

Question 9

Definition of carnivores

Answer 9

Eat other animals

Question 10

Definition of omnivores

Answer 10

Eat both plant and animal material

Question 11

Definition of detritivores

Answer 11

Feed on dead and decaying material

Question 12

Why must food molecules be digested?

Answer 12

• molecules are insoluble and too big to cross membranes and be absorbed into blood
• polymers must be converted into monomers so they can be rebuilt into monomers needed by body cells

Question 13

What are the 4 main functions of the gut?

Answer 13

• ingestion
• digestion
• absorption
• egestion

Question 14

Definition of peristalsis

Answer 14

Wave of coordinated contraction and relaxation of gut muscles

Question 15

What are the 4 layers of the gut wall?

Answer 15

• serosa
• muscle
• submucosa
• mucosa

Question 16

How are carbohydrates digested?

Answer 16

Polysaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharide

• amylase hydrolysed starch to maltose
• Maltase Digest’s maltose to glucose

Question 17

What is the general name for carbohydrate digesting enzymes?

Answer 17

Carbohydrate

Question 18

How are proteins digested?

Answer 18

Proteins, polypeptides, dipeptides, amino acids

• endopeptidases hydrolyse peptide bonds
• exopeptidases hydrolyses peptide bonds at end of shorter polypeptides

Question 19

What are names of protein digesting enzymes?

Answer 19

Protease and peptidase

Question 20

How are fats digested?

Answer 20

Digested to fatty acids and glycerol by lipase

Question 21

Describe reptiles and animals are adapted to different diets?

Answer 21

Reptiles- swallow food whole

Mammals- palate separating nasal and mouth cavities, can chew and breathe at the same time

Question 22

Describe intestine of carnivore

Answer 22

Short small intestine

- diet is mostly protein

Question 23

Describe intestine of herbivore

Answer 23

Long small intestine

- plant material not readily digested

Question 24

Describe intestine of omnivore

Answer 24

Intermediate in length

Question 25

Describe the dentition of herbivores

Answer 25

- incisors on lower jaw - wraps tongue round grass and pulls tight- incisors and canine slice it - diastema separates front and side teeth, move grass to molars - molars interlock- circular grinding action

Question 26

Describe the dentition of carnivores

Answer 26

- sharp incisors grip and tear muscle from bone - canine teeth large, curved, pointed- Pierce and sieze prey - premolars and molars have cusps - carnassial- sheer muscle off bone

Question 27

Definition of ruminant

Answer 27

A cud chewing herbivore that has mutualistic microbe in its rumen

Question 28

What is an example of a endoparasite?

Answer 28

Pork tapeworm

Question 29

What are the hostile conditions of the gut that a tapeworm has to survive?

Answer 29

- surrounded by digestive juices+ mucus - experiences pH changes - exposed to hosts immune system - of host dies so does parasite

Question 30

How are tapeworms adapted to survive?

Answer 30

- suckers and curved hooks to attach to duodenum wall - cuticle- protect from host immune response - enzyme inhibitors- hosts enzymes cannot digest it - large SA:volume - absorb digested material - stable environment- don't need to move or sense environment - Hermaphrodite- make many eggs - eggs have resistant shells

Question 31

Example of ectoparasite

Answer 31

Pediculus/ lice