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Biology AS > Adaptions For Nutrition > Flashcards

Adaptions For Nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition of autotrophic organisms

A

Make their own food from simple inorganic raw materials- carbon dioxide and water

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2
Q

Definition of photoautotrophic organisms

A

Use light as energy source and perform photosynthesis

  • green plants, protoctista, some bacteria
  • holophytic
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3
Q

Definition of chemoautotrophic organisms

A

Use energy from chemical reactions

  • all prokaryotes
  • perform chemosynthesis - less efficient than photosynthesis
  • no longer dominant life forms
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4
Q

Definition of heterotrophic organism

A

An organism that obtains complex organic molecules from other organisms

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5
Q

Definition of saprotroph

A

An organism that derives energy and raw materials for growth from the extracellular digestion of dead or decaying material.

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6
Q

Definition of parasite

A

An organism that obtains its nutrition from living in or on a host, which is harmed

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7
Q

Definition of holozoic nutrition

A

Ingest food, digest food and egest indigestible remains

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8
Q

Definition of herbivores

A

Eat only plant materials

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9
Q

Definition of carnivores

A

Eat other animals

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10
Q

Definition of omnivores

A

Eat both plant and animal material

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11
Q

Definition of detritivores

A

Feed on dead and decaying material

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12
Q

Why must food molecules be digested?

A
  • molecules are insoluble and too big to cross membranes and be absorbed into blood
  • polymers must be converted into monomers so they can be rebuilt into monomers needed by body cells
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13
Q

What are the 4 main functions of the gut?

A
  • ingestion
  • digestion
  • absorption
  • egestion
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14
Q

Definition of peristalsis

A

Wave of coordinated contraction and relaxation of gut muscles

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15
Q

What are the 4 layers of the gut wall?

A
  • serosa
  • muscle
  • submucosa
  • mucosa
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16
Q

How are carbohydrates digested?

A

Polysaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharide

  • amylase hydrolysed starch to maltose
  • Maltase Digest’s maltose to glucose
17
Q

What is the general name for carbohydrate digesting enzymes?

A

Carbohydrate

18
Q

How are proteins digested?

A

Proteins, polypeptides, dipeptides, amino acids

  • endopeptidases hydrolyse peptide bonds
  • exopeptidases hydrolyses peptide bonds at end of shorter polypeptides
19
Q

What are names of protein digesting enzymes?

A

Protease and peptidase

20
Q

How are fats digested?

A

Digested to fatty acids and glycerol by lipase

21
Q

Describe reptiles and animals are adapted to different diets?

A

Reptiles- swallow food whole

Mammals- palate separating nasal and mouth cavities, can chew and breathe at the same time

22
Q

Describe intestine of carnivore

A

Short small intestine

- diet is mostly protein

23
Q

Describe intestine of herbivore

A

Long small intestine

- plant material not readily digested

24
Q

Describe intestine of omnivore

A

Intermediate in length

25
Q

Describe the dentition of herbivores

A
  • incisors on lower jaw
  • wraps tongue round grass and pulls tight- incisors and canine slice it
  • diastema separates front and side teeth, move grass to molars
  • molars interlock- circular grinding action
26
Q

Describe the dentition of carnivores

A
  • sharp incisors grip and tear muscle from bone
  • canine teeth large, curved, pointed- Pierce and sieze prey
  • premolars and molars have cusps
  • carnassial- sheer muscle off bone
27
Q

Definition of ruminant

A

A cud chewing herbivore that has mutualistic microbe in its rumen

28
Q

What is an example of a endoparasite?

A

Pork tapeworm

29
Q

What are the hostile conditions of the gut that a tapeworm has to survive?

A
  • surrounded by digestive juices+ mucus
  • experiences pH changes
  • exposed to hosts immune system
  • of host dies so does parasite
30
Q

How are tapeworms adapted to survive?

A
  • suckers and curved hooks to attach to duodenum wall
  • cuticle- protect from host immune response
  • enzyme inhibitors- hosts enzymes cannot digest it
  • large SA:volume - absorb digested material
  • stable environment- don’t need to move or sense environment
  • Hermaphrodite- make many eggs
  • eggs have resistant shells
31
Q

Example of ectoparasite

A

Pediculus/ lice

Biology AS (11 decks)

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