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Biology AS > Adaptations For Transport In Animals > Flashcards

Adaptations For Transport In Animals Flashcards

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1
Q

Features of a transport system

A
  • suitable medium to carry materials
  • a pump for moving blood
  • valves to maintain flow in one direction
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2
Q

What do some transport systems have in addition?

A
  • a respiratory pigment, increasing the volume of oxygen that can be transported
  • system of vessels with branching network to distribute to all parts of the body
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3
Q

What is an open circulatory system?

A

Blood bathes the tissues directly while held in a cavity called the harmoceol

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4
Q

Describe an insects open blood system

A

Long tubed shape heart stretches the length of the body. Pumps blood at a low pressure into haemocoel, materials are exchanged between blood and body cells

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5
Q

What is a closed circulatory system?

A

The blood moves in blood vessels

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6
Q

What is a single circulation system?

A

The blood moves through the heart once in its passage around the body

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7
Q

What is a double circulation system?

A

Blood passes through the heart twice

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8
Q

What is pulmonary circulation?

A

Serves the lungs

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9
Q

What is systemic circulation?

A

Serves the body tissues

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10
Q

What is the advantage of double circulation?

A

Blood can be pumped around the body at a higher pressure

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11
Q

What is the inner layer of blood vessels?

A

Endothelium
One cell thick
Surrounded by tunica media
Smooth lining- reduce friction, minimum resistance to blood flow

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12
Q

What is the middle layer of blood vessels?

A

Tunica media
Contain elastic fibres and smooth muscle
Thicker in arteries than veins
Arteries- elastic fibres allow stretching to accommodate changes in blood flow
Stretched elastic fibres recoil to push blood through the artery- maintains blood pressure

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13
Q

What is the outer layer of blood vessels?

A

Tunica externa

Contains collagen fibres- resist over stretching

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14
Q

Describe arteries

A

Carry blood away from the heart
Thick muscular walls withstand bloods high pressure
Branch into arterioles and then capillaries

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15
Q

Describe capillaries

A

Network that penetrate all tissues and organs

Blood from the capillaries collects into venues which take blood into veins which return it to the heart

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16
Q

Describe veins

A

Larger diameter lumen
Thinner walls
Blood pressure and flow rate are lower
Semi lunar valves along their length

17
Q

Definition of myogenic contraction

A

The heartbeat is initiated within the muscle cells themselves and not dependent on nervous or hormonal stimulation

18
Q

What is atrial systole

A

Atrium walls contract and blood pressure in the atria increases
Pushes blood through the tricuspid and bicuspid valves down into the ventricles, which are relaxed

19
Q

What is ventricular systole

A

Ventricle walls contract and increase blood pressure in ventricles
Forces blood up through semi lunar valves into pulmonary artery and aorta
Pulmonary artery = deoxygenated blood to lungs
Aorta = oxygenated blood to the rest of the body

20
Q

Describe diastole

A

Ventricles relax
Volume of ventricles increases so pressure decreases
Semi lunar valves shut
Atria relax- blood from vena cava and pulmonary veins enter atria

21
Q

What is the sino atrial node (SAN)?

A

An area of the heart muscle in the right atrium that initiates a wave of electrical excitation across the atria

22
Q

What is the atrio ventricular node (AVN)?

A

The only conducting area of tissue in the wall of the heart between the atria and ventricles, through which electrical excitation passes from the atria to conducting tissue in the walls of the ventricles

23
Q

Features of red blood cells

A

Biconcave shape- larger SA, more oxygen diffuses across the membrane+ thinner centre reduces diffusion distance
No nucleus- more room for haemoglobin

24
Q

Describe plasma

A

Contains food molecules, waste products, hormones, plasma proteins
Distributes heat

25
Q

How is a dissociation curve of fetal haemoglobin different?

A

Moves to the left

Higher affinity for oxygen

26
Q

What is the Bohr effect?

A

The movement of the oxygen dissociation curve to the right at a higher partial pressure of carbon dioxide, because at a given partial pressure, haemoglobin has a lower affinity for oxygen:

27
Q

What are the three ways CO2 is transported?

A
  1. In solution in the plasma
  2. As the hydrogen carbonate ion
  3. Bound to haemoglobin as carbamino haemoglobin
28
Q

How are capillaries adapted for exchanging materials?

A
  • thin, permeable walls
  • large surface area
  • blood flows slowly allowing time

Biology AS (11 decks)

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