Adaptions 4 Flashcards
differnet types of relatiions within an ecosytem and who beneifst
Mutualism (+/+)both benefit
Commensalism (+/0)-One benefits, the other is not harmed
Predation (+/-)–One hunts and kills another
Parasitism (+/-)–Obtaining nutrients from a host causing harm, but not death
Amensalism (0/-)—One experiences negative effect while other is not harmed
Competition (-/-)–Competing for the same resources
Food webs
A network of feeding relationships that shows the flow of energy and matter
Arrows represent the flow of every
Food chains
Food chains can be used to represent feeding relationships
Each link is referred to a trophic level
10% of energy is transferred, where 90% is lost as heat energy
in a food chain, how much enegry is transferred and how much enegry is lost
Each link is referred to a trophic level
10% of energy is transferred, where 90% is lost as heat energy
Keystone species
Keystone species play a role in maintaining the structure of an ecosystem by influencing stability of an ecosystem, such as the recycling of nutrients.
What are the 2 keystone classifactions
Two classifications:
Apex Predator
Ecosystem engineer
Provide an example of a key stone specifes, what they do and how removing these animals effects the ecoystem
Termites – they are among the few larger soil organisms able to break down cellulose from plants
They return essential nutrients into the soil
Removing termites impacts plant matter as they receive less nutrients from the soil. Less plants will impact herbivores and other organisms in the food chain.
How do aborginal people indetiyf that its going t be wet or a wet season so that they can move places so that they can identify that they need to make cloths
they look for signs of moisture eg, mushrooms growing and af
What 3 things do aborignal epople look out for to determine the season compared to what trdiationally used
Aborginal people use:
1. The plants eg. mushrooms
2. Stars
3. Sky
Nowadaays instead we use calenders which are based of the type of animals/the quainaity of certian animals present in a season, the orientation of the moon nad the sun
Why is it that the obroginal methhod to find the season is more benefical than our human way to identify the seasons.
; the change in season is marked by the progression of the natural environment and not a specific date like us.
Cultural burning/why is it done
Is where the bottom of the tree is burned to prevent bush fires from occurring and overtime these trees adapt to the burns
What happens if aborignals didnt do culture bruning
if the bototm of the trees arent burned and it rains, because the plant is dry bushfires will occur
What kind of relationship is cultural burning and why
is a mutalistic relationship as the aboriginals wuld get more resoucres and the trees wont burn down.
Benefit of cultural burning/how has it impacted biodiviersity
Culture burning has increased the bio diveristy of environments and stimulated the growth of food plants
What are structural, physiologicla and behaviorualadaptions of euctalypus trees
- Behavioral:They shed part of their canopy to reduce their water intake which is needed in high heat
- Physiological: he waxy coating on their leaves reduce water loss
- strucural:
drought tolerant by having very small leaves (even microscopic) with the stems carrying out photosynthesis
What are structural, physiologicla and behaviorualadaptions of yam flowers
strucural- brihgtly coloured to attract beesfor reproduction
Physiological: Yam daisys have tubers so water stored in tubes to allows water to be saved in their stems
Behavioural: All plant shoots grow quickly towards the light to maximise photosynthesis
Compare western burning and baroignal cutlure burning
The main difference between these two types of burning is their purpose. Western burning is done to reduce the risk of wildfires, while Baroignal cultural burning is done to promote biodiversity and cultural heritage.
What is the importance of key stone species
contribute to the “balance of nature” and biodiversity because if it is removed from a system, the ecosystem may change drastically and healthy ecosystems need a keystone to function.
What is a population seperated by?
population is seperated by barriers such as land masss and sea
What is the effect of population being seperated by barriers such as land mass and sea
the effect of population being seperated by barriers such as land mass and sea is that there is no gene flow thus there is no genetic variation
Why do aborignal people use cultural burning
- to control and stimulate plant growth
- clear shrubs from grassland
- reduce the intensity and extent of wildfires
Rather than days on calenders and months, how do the abroignal poeple dtermine the seasons
- the movement of the stars at night and changes in weather to identify changes in season2
2.
How did the aboringla people determine that certain fruits are about to ripen and how certain animals will become more active
The flowering of specific plant species may indicate that certain animals, such as certain birds or insects, will return or become more active.
The return of migratory birds may signify that certain fruits are about to ripen
Apex predators
animals at the very end of the food chain because they hunt other animals but arent hunted themselves
ecosystem enginner
an organism that creates, changes, or destroys a habitat
compare the diffenrt types of consuemrs eg secondary pirmary etc..
ecology
study of how organisms interact with eachother and the environment
k selection
types of reprooductive stiragery where the number of orgnaism srpeorudcted is low but those species produced are taken very good care of to increrese their chance of survivial eg humans
r selection
type of reproductive strageyr where lots of offpsring aer proudced more reugarly but they dont takeas god care fo thier offpsring like eggs or frogs
why is excessive salianity problem for plants and how can it be fixed
excessive salanity in soil for plants can cause water loss. However, water loss can be prevented by closing guard cells to prevetnwater loss frm the stomata and having sunken stomata to create a humid enviornment
2 main rreaosns for coutnre current exhcnage
maintains body temp and prevent heat loss
A shark is an apex predator of the ecosystem and they hunt prey such as sea lions and seals. If the sharks go extinct, how will this affect the ecosystem. List two ways.
inter comeption dcreases for sealliosn and seals but the intraspecific comeptiotn for sea lions and seals increases
increased numerofsealiosnand seals
