Adaptions 2

Question 1

What are the 4 sources of genetic diveristy

Answer 1

mutations due the the introduction of new allelles

sexual reprodctuction

crossing over and indepdnet assormtnet during mieosis

Gene flow thorugh immigration:introduction of new members into a population bringing along genetic variation. This causes interbreeding between organisms

Question 2

What are the conseuqnenesc of low genetid divierisrty/low small gene pool

Answer 2

inbreeding and inbreeding may occur thorughut a whole population due to new selection pressures as a result of the lack of genetic diveristy which can ultimaltey result in exincinstion due the wiping out of a population due to disease or natural disasters

Question 3

What is optimual range in the zone of tolernace

Answer 3

the best and ideal enviornemnt for an orgnaisn to live that allows for the greaterst chance of surivial– a greater population inthis area

Question 4

What is the zone of physiolgicla stress in the range of tolerance

Answer 4

organisms are still able to survive but struggle, the condiitons are not ideal which causes the body to be uncomfertbale and under a lot of stress

Question 5

Zone of intolernace

Answer 5

species unable to surive as the enviornmentla condiitons cannot be tolerated

Question 6

What 2 ways can heat be generated

Answer 6

Endothermic: mentaining body temp throgh mentolibc reactios eg. mammamls and birds

Exothermic: obtianing heat through the enviornrment eg, reptiles and fish

Question 7

Why would an animal in the desert have a low SA:V ration of the body but a large SA:V of the ears

Answer 7

Low SA:V allows less heat in the body to be obsorbed but the large SA:V of ears allows more heat to be releaed through the ears in a hot desert enivorment for the elephant

Question 8

Behaviroual adaptions of aniamls in hot enviornments

Answer 8

Evading extreme conditions by seeking shelter or burrowing to minimise radiation from the sun

Enduring extreme conditions by being inactive during the hottest part of the day to reduce heat produced in metabolism.
Nocturnal behaviours

Licking arms, wallow in mud or water baths to keep cool.

Question 9

Physiocliglca adpaitons of aniamsl in hot enviornrments

Answer 9

Surface blood flow through vasodilation to release heat into the environment

Increase water input and conserving water by producing concentrated urine and hard faeces

Evaporating heat through sweating

Question 10

Name structural, behaviorurla nad pyshiologicla adaptions in hot enviornments

Answer 10

1. Structural- Increase SA:V to release heat and Decreased insulation

physcioligcal-vasoilidation, evaporation and producing concnentration urine and low water in faeces

Behavioural-noctunral pbehavrioris, evading heat by burrowing and wallowing(rolling aorund eg. in mud)

Question 11

Plant adaptions in hot environments

Answer 11

1. Having light coloured leafs to reudce heat absorption
2. leaves having a smaller surface area
3. leaves hung vertically minimse sun exposure

Question 12

How do plants increase water absorption in hot enviroetmnsts

Answer 12

having extesnive root systems that abosrb water from undergournd in order to reserve the water for photosytensis through transpiration

Question 13

How to minimse water loss for plants

Answer 13

1. Closing the somata pores via transpiration during times of the day where there is not a lot of sunlight and phototensyhsis is not as effiecent eg. 2pm but then open againa t 4pm

or a humid environemtn can be created by sunken stomata whichcreate pockets within the leaves

or by storing large amounts of water eg. in their trunk or stem

Question 14

How does closing stomata pores prevent photoeyshteniss from occuring

Answer 14

No exchanges of gases occuring

Question 15

summarise the 3 ways plant create water balacne in hot enriovnrments

Answer 15

1. deep root systems
2. Water storage
3. Sunken stomata

Question 16

summarise methods of temperauter balances plants use to adapt to the hot enirovremnts

Answer 16

1. reflcetive or light coloured leaves
2. hanging leaves vertically
3. leaves having a low surface area

Question 17

why does an animal witha circular sphere shape able to maintain body tmeprature at aconstant rate

Answer 17

Spheres have to a large surface area to volume ratio therefore they are able to maintain a constant body temperature effiecntly

Question 18

brumation

Answer 18

oppostie of hiberation,

tupoorr that occurs for an extneded period of time in hot conditins

Question 19

1a) distinguish vasoconstriction and vasodilation

1b) if an animal was placed in a cold environment, which of the above processes occurs and why

Answer 19

b) vasoconctricons due to narrowign of blood veseels so less blod flow and ultiamtely less heat is rleease and more is covserved which is beneifcla in cold enviornemnts

Question 20

when its hot/cold plants lose their leaves in summer why

Answer 20

decreased requiremnet of water and nutrients

Question 21

what is transpiration/when doe sit increase/decrease

Answer 21

transpiraton is the movement of the water through the stomata,

themore stomata the larger the SA:V=more transpiration

Question 22

in hot enviroemts what happens to trnapsiatrtion

Answer 22

due to a low surface area transpiration decreases leading toincreased water conservation

Question 23

in cold enivornemnts does gemriantion ocucr

Answer 23

no due to lack of sungliht

Question 24

seed doramcny

Answer 24

seeds that are adaptedto staying intact during cold whether so they dont germinate or die, its really helpful because it preventsseeds from being wasted

Question 25

cold waters are still populated by ectothermic fish . how do they survive the cold

Answer 25

antifreeze proteins stop proteins from freezing as this occurs in cold temperatures, which meansthatenzyme actviity works asas normal and the cell can carry outits functions as well ulmtialey allwoing theectothermfish to survive

Question 26

Why is it a complication to close the stomata pores to minimse water loss

Answer 26

this prevenst photysntehisis from occuring) which is why in order lthe stomata pores will close during times of the day where there is not a lot of sunlight and phototensyhsis is not as effiecent eg. 2pm but then open again at 4pm