Adapations 3

Question 1

What are the negavites of a cold environremnt

Answer 1

1. The lower tempearutres may freeze cell due to low temperature and cause the cell to rupture cell]
2. The piereicng winds exert high pressure onto plants and remove moisture nad heat from the surface of the orgnaism
3. Lack of food soirces advlaiaeble from plants or other animals

.

Question 2

Structural adpations for animals in cold enviornrments

Answer 2

Insulation such as thick fur or fat to keep heat trapped

Smaller SA:V ratio so that less heat can be released and released at slower rate

Anaima;s are shaped more sphere because the more sphere shaped an organism is the better they are at maintainigng their body temperature

Question 3

Physiological adaptions for animals in cold environremts

Answer 3

1. Vasoconstriction as it reduce sblood sruface flow to the skin to minimse heat loss
2. counter current system- exhcnage of heat from arteries to veins to prevent “cold blood” from circulating around the core of the body
3. Lowered metabolic activity during hibernation
4. Antifreeze proteins preventing cells frm freezing

Question 4

Behavioural adaptions of animals in cold enviornrments

Answer 4

Huddling- decreases SA:V to minimse heat loss

Seeking shelter- to remove self from harsh elemetns(wind, snow)

Reducing exposed Surface area to reduce heat loss

Migrating to water climates for greater food resoucres nad breeding conditions

Question 5

Summarise structural, physiological and behavioural adaptions of animals in cold environments

Answer 5

Structural: Insulation such as fur or fat

Physiological: Vasoconstriction, counter currnet circulation, antifreeze proteins, and decreased metabolism during hibernation

Behavioural: Huddling, seeking shelter and migration

Question 6

How do plants adapt to cold environments

Answer 6

Antifreeze-when proteins are created to disrupt the formation of ice crystals to maintain cell fluidity

When temperatures fall, concentration of solutes such as glucose increases which prevents cells from freezing

2. Dropping of leaves to avoid lead tissue from freezing
3. Less energy and water is required for the plant to survive in winter months

4.Seed dormancy

Question 7

Why do nuts have so many calories

Answer 7

Due to antifreeze as they are not ready to flouris so they have all this glucose stored in them thta was meant to be usedfor their growht

Question 8

What is seed dormancy

Answer 8

Seeds remain dormant until the correct conditions are available (water, sunlight)

When seeds detect an increase in temperature, they will sprout and grow during the favourable conditions in the spring-summer months

Question 9

Population size, distribution and density are a measure

Answer 9

a population’s structure.

Question 10

Population size:

Answer 10

is the total number of members within any given population

Question 11

carrying capacity

Answer 11

is the maximum population size that an environment can sustain

Question 12

Population size may increase or decrease over time, however there is a limit to how much the environment can support the population. This is known as the

Answer 12

carrying capacity

Question 13

what happens when populations exceed the carryign capacity

Answer 13

Populations exceeding the carrying capacity may struggle to sustain food, water, shelter.

Question 14

Population distribution refers to, is based on and can provide information about?

Answer 14

Refers to its geographical spread across different areas.

The population is based on the habitat of a species and their ability to tolerate different environments

Can provide information about interbreeding or gene flow

Question 15

Uniform distribution

Answer 15

indivudls within a population are spread evenely eg cacti as tey compete for mositure

Question 16

Random distrubtuion

Answer 16

Occurs when individuals are independent of other. Example, spider populations tend to have less interactions with other spiders

Question 17

Clumped distribution:

Answer 17

Occurs when members of the same species interact in groups around a resources such as food or shelter. Example, wolfs hunting.

Question 18

Population may increase due to

Answer 18

More births than deaths
Immigration of other organisms into the population

Question 19

Population may decrease due to

Answer 19

More deaths than births
Emigration out of a population

Question 20

Population densitywhat is, compare dense and not dense populations and what 2 factors effect population density

Answer 20

Refers to the number of individuals in a given area, such as individuals per square kilometre.

Dense populations would use up more resources than less dense populations

Two factors impacting population density:
Density independent factors
Density dependent factors

Question 21

what are density independent factors

Answer 21

factors of the enviornment that are not affected as density changes

Includes:
Climate
Weather events – flooding
Extreme weather

Question 22

density depednet factors what is it, include an example and what does it include

Answer 22

factors of the enviornmrent that change with the density of the species

eg.if density is high, food sources would decrease

includes:
Competition for food sources
Predation
Disease

Question 23

what is an ecosystem composed of and the interactions within the ecosystem are either

Answer 23

An ecosystem is composed of a complex network of interactions and interdependencies between species

These interactions can either be
Beneficial (+)
Neutral (0)
Negative (–)

Question 24

Why inbreeding cause lack of genetic diveirsty

Answer 24

lack of variation in alleles so grater chances of extinsicton cause….

Question 25

how does sweating and vasoidlaiton cause heat loss

Answer 25

sweating causes heatloss because water has a high heat capacity so whenevr we sweat, along with the water along the heta exists the body.

Vasoildation causes heat loss because the widening of the blood vessels releases heat

Question 26

why is excessive soil salinity a problem for plants? List 2 physiolgoical adaptionsthat allow plants to survivein high saline enviorments

Answer 26

Excessive soil salinity is a problem for plants as water from the plants will be lost to the soil due to a difference in concentration gradient.

Guard cells closing to prevnt wate rloss from stomta and sunken stomata to create a humid environment

Question 27

why are clownfish and sea anomesm mutaltism

Answer 27

the sea anoemmes protect clowfnish from predators, whilst the clownfish attract other fish that the sea anemomes cna eat

Question 28

how does the distrubtion of animals affect their geneitd diviersty

Answer 28

aniamls that arelocatedclose togehter may interbreed which would increase gneietc diviersty

Question 29

denisty dpenfedn factors

Answer 29

factors thatare dependent on population denisty, eg. when there is more animals population ednsity increaes the amount of food resources COULD decreases eg, smaller population density then more compeititon of species for mates like kangorors

Question 30

symbiotivc relo