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Patho > adaptation & necrosis > Flashcards

adaptation & necrosis Flashcards

1
Q

Cellular adaptation

A

prolonged exposure of cells to adverse/ exaggerated stimuli which causes changes in the cell, tissue or whole organ.
(once stimuli removed, most cells return to nl)

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2
Q

what are the 6 ways cells adapt?

A 
atrophy
hypertrophy
hyperplasia
metaplasia
dysplasia
anaplasia (cancer)
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3
Q

atrophy, hypertrophy & hyperplasia is due to physiologic or pathologic causes?

A

BOTH!!!! can be physiological or pathological

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4
Q

metaplasia, dysplasia & anaplasia is due to……

A

ALWAYS PATHOLOGIC!!!!!!

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5
Q

Define atrophy

A

decrease in tissue, organ or body size

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6
Q

Examples of atrophy

A 
PHYSIOLOGIC: 
Thymus
Ovaries 
bones & muscles with age 
(Can't control these changes, therefore it is physiologic )

PATHOLOGIC:
ischemic organs (kidneys)
testicular atrophy
alzheimers disease

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7
Q

Define hypertrophy & what are examples of hypertrophy?

A

increase in the size of tissue or organs due to enlargement of individual cells

PHYSIOLOGIC:
enlargement of skeletal muscles (lifting wts)

PATHOLOGIC:
heart hypertrophy- cardiomyopathy & LVH from HTN

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8
Q

Define hyperplasia and give examples:

A

ADAPTIVE increase in the AMOUNT of cells => enlargement of tissues & organs

Endometrial hyperplasia
hyperplastic polyps of colon/ stomach

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9
Q

Define metaplasia

A

adaptive change of one cell type to another in order to adapt to the environment

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10
Q

What are examples of metaplasia

A

squamous metaplasia of the bronchial epithelium (smoking)

gastric or glandular metaplasia of GE junction in Barrett Esophagus (GERD)

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11
Q

is metaplasia reversible? can it get worse?

A

YASSSS HONAYYYY (to both questions)

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12
Q

define dysplasia

A

growth disorder of tissue resulting in chronic irritation or infection

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13
Q

is dysplasia associated with cancer?

A

helllzzz yeaaaaa it is precancerous condition

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14
Q

Examples of dysplastic changes…

A

cervical dysplasia (CIN) is what a pap is looking for

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15
Q

What virus is associated with dysplasias & cervical cancer?

A

HPV! Ehhhhaaawwww (jimmy fallon voice)

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16
Q

What type of tissue does HPV lalalalalaloveeeeeeeee?

A

stratified squamous epithelium (cervix, anal, penile, vaginal, oral )

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17
Q

has the level of dysplasia increases/ worsens what occurs in the cell?

A

The nucleus enlarges, becomes angular & hyperchromatic to the point where if it is a severe form you can no longer identify the cytoplasm (cytoplasm space decreases and only allows for one nuclei)

18
Q

Define hyperchromatic

A

more purple looking

19
Q

Define anaplasia

A

undifferentiated and uncontrolled growth of the cells

HALLMARK of malignant transformation

20
Q

what are other names for anaplasia?

A

malignancy, carcinoma, cancer, neoplasm (=new growth)

21
Q

examples of anaplasia

A

squamous cell carcinoma of cervix
cancer of lung
malignant melanoma
renal cell carcinoma

22
Q

what are the microscopic hallmarks of anaplasia?

A
  1. cell and nuclei have marked cellular pleomorphism (variation of size & shape)
  2. irregular & hyperchromatic nuclei
  3. high nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio (1:1) instead of 1:6 or 1:4
  4. large nucleoli present in nucleus
  5. large number of abnl mitotic figures
23
Q

Define cell necrosis

A

death of cells or groups of cells (tissues) in a living organism

24
Q

What is the difference between necrosis and autolysis?

A

Necrosis- seen in living w/ inflammation

Autolysis- seen in tissue after death

25
Q

What are the different types of necrosis?

A

coagulative, liquefactive, caseous & fat

26
Q

What is the most common form of necrosis?

A

Coagulative

27
Q

Define coagulative necrosis

A

occurs when cell proteins are altered or denatured

histology: cell outline are preserved and the cytoplasm appears finely granular

28
Q

Examples of coagulative necrosis

A

occurs in solid organs:
heart, kidneys, spleen, liver

cause by anoxia (ex. MI)

29
Q

define liquefactive necrosis

A

dead cells LIQUIFY due to certain enzymes

SOFT & GEL LIKE

30
Q

examples of liquefactive necrosis

A

brain- cells lose contour & liquifies

  • typically in BRAIN INFARCTS
  • seen in BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (ex. abscess in lungs)
31
Q

define caseous necrosis & describe it

A

form of coagulative necrosis

yellow, thick, cheesy substance

32
Q

examples of caseous necrosis

A

TB!!!!

33
Q

Define fat necrosis & the cause

A

form of liquefaction necrosis

cause: action of lipolytic enzymes

34
Q

examples of fat necrosis

A

LIMITED TO FAT TISSUE
pancreas

enzymes release into adjacent fat after (pancreas) ruptures. this causes a degradation of FAT -> GLYCEROL & FREE FATTY ACIDS

fatty acid binds to Ca= soaps causing white calcified specks

35
Q

What is the difference between wet & dry gangrene ?

A

bacteria LALALALOVESS necrotic tissue

Wet: bacterial infection of coagulated tissue leads to inflammation => secondary liquefaction

Dry: when the tissue dries out it turns black & mummified

36
Q

What are conditions that contribute to gangrene?

A

infarct in intestines, limbs due to atherosclerosis or DM

37
Q

Define dystrophic calcifications & what does it look like?

A

necrotic tissue + Ca salts = calcification
(necrotic tissue attracts the Ca)

visible to naked eye- gritty sand like grains to firm rock hard material

38
Q

Why does necrotic tissue attract Ca?

A

circulation deposit Ca extracellularly into dead cells

39
Q

what are examples of dystrophic calcifications?

A
  1. calcification in atherosclerotic CORONARY ARTERIES => narrow the vessels
  2. Calcification of MITRAL/AORTIC VALVE impending the blood flow
  3. calcifications seen around BREAST CANCER, visual by mammography
  4. INFANT PERIVENTRICULAR calcifications seen in congenital toxoplasmosis
40
Q

Define metastatic calcifications

A

reflects deranged calcium metabolism (not cell injury)

associated with increased serum Ca levels => deposits Ca in other locations

41
Q

Examples of metastatic calcifications

A

Hyperparathyroidism
Vit D toxicity
Chronic renal failure
Stones (kidney, gallbladder, bladder) from precipitation of salts from solution into tissues

Patho (6 decks)

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