Adaptation Kingdom Both?

Question 1

What are biochemical relationship used for?

Answer 1

To support or clarify the relationships between groups of organisms

Question 2

How to identify the interrelationships between groups of organisms and what is it called?

Answer 2

Scientists needed to analyze the structures of many different chemicals as well as the DNA
Molecular phylogeny

Question 3

What is being used in species identification?

Answer 3

Increasingly patterns in DNA and RNA fragments

Question 4

What is used to classify or trace evolutionary pathway?

Answer 4

Comparisons between the amino acid sequences of similar proteins in different species or groups of organisms

Question 5

What is Gel electrophoresis?

Answer 5

A variation of chromatography which can be used to separate DNA, and RNA fragments, protein and amino acids depending on size.

Question 6

What is done to aid identification?

Answer 6

The chemicals to be compared are placed in a gel medium in a buffering solution (to maintain constant pH), with known DNA or RNA fragments, proteins, or amino acids to aid identification

Question 7

What is gel electrophoresis used for?

Answer 7

To identify and compare the amino acids in a particular protein, dyes are not added to the gel or the mixture

Question 8

How do we identify DNA?

Answer 8

1.Big DNA molecules are cut into fragments using restriction endonucleases
2DNA fragments are added to a gel containing DYE which binds the fragments in the gel and will fluoresce when placed under ultraviolet light
3A DYE is also added to the DNA samples. This does not bind with the DNA but moves through the gel faster than DNA so that the current can be turned off before all samples run off the end.
4Electric sample is passed through the apparatus and the DNA fragments move towards the positive anode, due to the negative charge on the phosphate groups in the DNA
5The fragments move at different rates depending on their mass and charge
6Once the electrophoresis is complete, the plate is placed under a UV light
7DNA fluoresces show up clearly
8Ninhydrin is added to the gel
9It reacts with the amino acids so they show up as purple patches and can be compared with known amino acids for identification

Question 9

What is blood pigment important in? Biochemical relationships between organisms

Answer 9

Animal groups

Question 10

What does an analysis of blood pigments show?

Answer 10

That any one group contains only one type of blood pigment

Question 11

Who contains blood pigments?

Answer 11

All vertebrate

Question 12

What do invertebrates have?

Answer 12

Haemoglobin

Question 13

What do all polychaete have?

Answer 13

Chlorocruorin

Question 14

What molluscs and crustaceans have?

Answer 14

Haemocyanin

Question 15

What can be used to show the relationships within higher groups such as phylum?

Answer 15

Analysis of the sequence of amino acids in proteins

Question 16

What are used to plot relationships?

Answer 16

Single amino acids

Question 17

What can bring some unlikely relationships between organisms?

Answer 17

A combination of DNA analysis, protein analysis, and anatomical observations

Question 18

What are the two groups of living organisms?

Answer 18

Eukaryotes - Cells with a complex structure

Prokaryotes - Bacteria

Question 19

What was the theory about eukaryotes?

Answer 19

Those eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotic years ago

Question 20

What did some scientists think compared to other scientists?

Answer 20

Some scientists thought that chloroplasts became part of eukaryotic ancestor cells first
Other scientists think that mitochondria were the first endosymbionts