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BIOL 208 > Adaptation and Evolution > Flashcards

Adaptation and Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

What is evolution?

A

Change in allele (or gene) frequencies within a gene pool over time which can lead to speciation

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2
Q

What did Darwin observe on the Galapagos islands?

A

Finches on the islands resemble mainland finches (common ancestor)
Species on the archipelago differed in beak size and form (evolved)

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3
Q

What did Darwin conclude about evolution?

A

That natural selection could be a driving force

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4
Q

What is an allele?

A

Different forms of a gene

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5
Q

What is a gene pool?

A

The sum total of all of the alleles in a population

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6
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

An attribute of an organism such as behaviour, morphology, or physiology

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7
Q

What is a genotype?

A

The set of genes an organism carries

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8
Q

What does evolution require?

A

Phenotypic variation that is heritable

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9
Q

What is phenotypic plasticity?

A

Variation as a result of environmental influences

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10
Q

What are genetic differences?

A

Variation as a result of differences in the genome

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11
Q

What is phenotypic variation a function of?

A

Genetic variation and environmental effects
Vp=Vg+Ve

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12
Q

What does h^2 (heritability) equal?

A

Vg/Vp or Vg/(Vg+Ve)

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13
Q

What is the Hardy-Weinberg principle?

A

In an infinitely large population, where mating is random and evolutionary forces absent, allele frequencies will remain constant across generations

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14
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

In populations that are not infinitely large, allele frequencies will naturally fluctuate due to chance
In small populations, the effect of genetic drift is more pronounced, can lead to a population losing an allele

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15
Q

What is bottleneck genetic drift?

A

A reduction in genetic diversity in a population due to a large reduction in population size

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16
Q

What is the founder effect genetic drift?

A

A small number of individuals leave a large population to colonize a new area and bring with them only a small amount of genetic variation

17
Q

What drives evolution?

A

Natural selection

18
Q

What is the theory of natural selection?

A

Many offspring are produced, not all survive
Traits vary among individuals within a population and may be heritable
Some heritable traits give individuals an advantage
Advantageous traits become more common

19
Q

What happened to beak sizes on the Galapagos during a drought?

A

Drought caused a decline in seed abundance and an increase in seed hardiness
Killed finches with medium beaks but birds with large beak thrived

20
Q

What is directional selection?

A

Extreme phenotypes are favoured

21
Q

What is stabilizing selection?

A

Average phenotypes are favoured

22
Q

What is disruptive selection?

A

Two or more extreme phenotypes are favoured

23
Q

What is adaptation?

A

Traits that have been selected for through natural selection

24
Q

What is speciation?

A

Physical and ecological processes interact with selection and random processes to produce new species

25
Q

What is the biological species concept?

A

Groups of actually or potentially interbreeding population, which are reproductively isolated from other such groups

26
Q

What are examples of prezygotic reproductive isolation?

A

Ecological, temporal, behavioural, mechanical

27
Q

What are examples of postzygotic reproductive isolation?

A

Hybrid inviability
Hybrid sterility

28
Q

What is allopatric speciation?

A

New species formed from geographically isolated populations
Occurs when a single population becomes spatially subdivided into multiple subpopulations

29
Q

What is parapatric speciation?

A

New species formed from continuously distributed population
Occurs when a population is not spatially subdivided and interbreeding fails due to spatial differences

30
Q

What is sympatric speciation?

A

New species formed within the range of ancestral population
Occurs when a population is not spatially divided and interbreeding fails due to non-spatial isolating mechanisms

BIOL 208 (32 decks)

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