Acute responses to exercise Flashcards
what are acute responses to exercise?
The bodies immediate and short term response to exercise and lasts for the duration of exercise and while returning to pre- exercise levels (recovery)
What are the three systems that work together to meet increased demands?
- Respiratory system
- Cardiovascular system
- Muscular system
What is increased heart rate?
(cardiovascular response)
Increased heart rate is when the heart beats faster than its resting rate to pump more blood around the body. During exercise, this happens to deliver more oxygen and nutrients to working muscles and remove waste products like carbon dioxide.
what is increased stroke volume?
(cardiovascular response)
increased stroke volume is when the heart pumps more blood per beat. This helps exercise performance by delivering more oxygen to working muscles, removing waste products like carbon dioxide.
what is increased cardiac output?
(cardiovascular response)
cardiac output = stroke volume x HR
Since both SV and HR increase during exercise, cardiac output also increases meaning more blood is delivered to the working muscles.
what is increased systolic BP?
(cardiovascular response)
systolic blood pressure is the pressure created with each contraction of the heart. The heart pumps harder during exercise to meet the higher demand for oxygen and nutrients in the working muscles, meaning systolic blood pressure increases.
what is redistribution of blood flow?
(cardiovascular response)
more blood is directed to the working muscles during exercise, vasoconstriction and vasodilation allow this to occur.
what is increased venous return?
(cardiovascular response)
because a closed circuit exists, the more blood pumped out of the heart, the more blood will return to the heart.
what is increased AV02 difference?
(cardiovascular response)
AV02 difference refers to the difference in oxygen concentration between the arterioles and venules, a measure of how much oxygen muscles are using.
During exercise, active muscles use more oxygen, reducing the amount returning to the veins, which increases the a-vO₂ difference.
What is increased respiratory rate?
(respiratory response)
increased respiratory rate is when you breathe faster during exercise. This helps bring in more oxygen and remove more carbon dioxide, which supports energy production in working muscles and delays fatigue, improving performance.
what is increased ventilation?
(respiratory response)
ventilation = TV x RR
During exercise, ventilation increases to bring in more oxygen and remove more carbon dioxide.
what is tidal volume?
(respiratory response)
TV = amount of air per breath
During exercise, increased tidal volume brings in more oxygen and removes more carbon dioxide, helping muscles produce more energy, delay fatigue, and maintain performance.
tidal volume reaches a finite capacity, then you cannot breath in anymore air per breath
what is increased pulmonary diffusion?
(respiratory response)
pulmonary diffusion/ gas exchange is the greater exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the lungs and the blood during exercise. This happens because of deeper and faster breathing. It improves exercise performance by supplying more oxygen to working muscles for energy production and efficiently removing carbon dioxide, reducing fatigue.
what is increased motor unit recruitment?
(muscular response)
A motor unit is a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibres it contracts. to increase the amount of force produced during a movement, the brain can increase the amount of motor units recruited.
what is increased muscle temperature?
(muscular response)
increased muscle temperature occurs during exercise as muscles generate heat from increased blood flow and energy production. This improves performance by making muscles more flexible, reducing the risk of injury, speeding up nerve impulses, and enhancing the efficiency of muscle contractions.
what is decreased energy substrate scores?
(muscular response)
decreased energy substrate stores refers to the reduction in available energy sources like glycogen and fat in muscles and the liver during prolonged or intense exercise.
While this doesn’t directly improve performance, it indicates the body has used these energy stores. In a well-trained athlete, efficient use of energy substrates can enhance performance by maintaining energy production for longer periods. However, if energy stores are depleted, it can lead to fatigue.
what is increased AV02 difference?
(muscular response)
AV02 difference refers to the difference in oxygen concentration between the arterioles and venules, a measure of how much oxygen muscles are using.
During exercise, active muscles use more oxygen, reducing the amount returning to the veins, which increases the a-vO₂ difference.
what is increased enzyme activity?
(muscular response)
increased enzyme activity refers to the faster action of enzymes in breaking down energy substrates (like glucose and fat) to produce ATP during exercise. This enhances performance by speeding up the energy production process, allowing the body to meet the higher energy demands of muscles during physical activity.
what is accumulation of lactic acid?
(muscular response)
accumulation of lactic acid occurs when lactate builds up in the muscles during intense exercise. This happens when the body is using anaerobic energy pathways, leading to the production of lactate. The accumulation of lactate causes a drop in muscle pH, which contributes to muscle fatigue, discomfort, and the burning sensation felt during high-intensity exercise.
why do working muscles have a higher oxygen demand?
working muscles have a higher oxygen demand during exercise because they require more oxygen to produce energy (ATP) for sustained activity.
what is increased transportation of oxygen by myoglobin?
(muscular response)
increased transportation of oxygen by myoglobin means that more oxygen is carried and stored within the muscles by myoglobin, a protein found in muscle fibers. Myoglobin has a high affinity for oxygen, allowing it to store and transport oxygen to the mitochondria, where energy is produced.
what is increased production of ATP in the mitochondria?
(muscular response)
increased production of ATP in the mitochondria means that more adenosine triphosphate (ATP) — the energy currency of cells — is produced within the mitochondria of muscle cells during exercise. This happens because more oxygen and energy substrates (like glucose and fats) are delivered to the mitochondria, enabling them to produce ATP.
Increased ATP production helps muscles work longer and more efficiently, delaying fatigue and improving exercise performance.
