Acute responses Flashcards
Muscular acute responses ( 6)
- increased blood flow
- increased muscle temp
- imcreased muscle enzyme activity
- increased motor unit and fibre recruitment
- increased O2 supply and use
- Depleted muscle energy stores
cardiovascular acute responses ( 6)
- Increased VO2-Diff
- redistribution of blood flow
- increased blood pressure
- increased cardiac output
- increased stroke volume
- increased Heart Rate
Respiratory acute responses ( 4)
- increased respiratory frequency
- increased tidal volume
- increased ventilation
- increased oxygen uptake
Acute responses def
the body’s immediate, short term responses that lasts only for the duration of the training or exercise session and for the short time periods ( recovery ) afterwards
(AR) Increased Heart Rate def
cardiovascular
- Is the number of times the heart beats or contracts per minute
resting heart rate
number of heartbeats per minute while the body is at rest
- average of 70 beat per min for an adult
maximum Heart rate
highest heart rate value achieved in an all out effort to the point of exhaustion
How to calculate HR
220- Age
Anticipatory response
When the heart rate rises above resting values just before the start of exercise (release of adrenaline )
( AR) increased stoke volume def and plauto rates
is the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each beat (contraction) of the heart.
Plateaus at:
untrained - 110-130ml
trained - 110-150ml.
highly trained - 160-220ml
increased stroke volume general info-
- females have lower then males at both resting and during exercise due to smaller heart size
- trained athletes have higher stroke volumes then untrained athletes
mechanisms responsible for increased stroke volume
- increased venous return to the heart stretching the left ventricle resulting in more forceful contraction
- vasodilation- is the process whereby blood vessels increase their internal diameter as a response to an increased demand for oxygen delivery to muscle tissue
(AR)Increased Cardiac output ( Q)
is the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle of the heart per minute
Q = HR x SV
(AR) increased blood pressure
is the pressure exerted by the blood against the arterial walls as it is forced forced through the circulatory system by the action of the heart
- 2 compnents systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure
BP= systolic
————– mmHg
diastolic
systolic blood pressure
is the blood pressure recorded as blood is ejected during the contraction phrase of the heart cycle. it is the higher of the two blood pressure values
dyastolic blood pressure
is the blood pressure recorded during the relaxation phrase of the heart cycle. It is the lower of the two blood pressure values.
Valsalva maoeuvre
occures when an individual attempts to exhale while the mouth, nose and glottis ( part of the larynx) are closed
redistribution of blood flow to working muscles
increases blood flow to working skeletal muscles through vasodilation. Reduced blood flow to less active organs ( liver and kidney) through vasoconstriction.
Increased arteriovenous oxygen difference.
a-VO2 diff
is the measure of difference in the concentration of oxygen in the arterial blood and the concentration of oxygen in the venous blood
measured in millilitres per 100 millilitres of blood.
can increase almost a threefold threshold over the value at rest.
during exercise working muscles extract much more of the available oxygen from the blood that passes through them
( AR) increased Respiratory Frequency DEF
is the number of breaths taken per minute
caused by an increase in carbondioxcide concentration in the blood
(AR) increased Tidal volume
is the amount of air breathed in and out in one breath
- increases from 0.5L per breath to 3-5 Litres
(AR) increased Ventilation
is the amount of air inspried or experired per minute by the lungs .
V= RF x TV
TV and Ventilation are greater in males due to larger lungs
(AR) Increased pulmonary diffusion.
is the process where oxygen is taken in via the lungs to the blood and carbon dioxide is diffused from the blood to the lungs
- gaseous exchange takes place from alveolar to pulmonary capillaries
(AR) Increased oxygen uptake ( VO2)
is the amount of oxygen transported to, taken up by and used by the body for energy production?
maximum oxygen uptake ( VO2 max)
is the maximum amount of oxygen per minute that can be transported to, taken up by and used by the body for energy production.
no further increase in oxygen uptake cna be achieved ( highest point on graph)
Maximum oxygen uptake factors
- body size
- gender
- genetics
- age
- training status ( aerobic or cardiorespiratory fitenss level)
Body size
a larger, heavier body requires more oxygen Thaen a smaller person
thats why expressed realitve to body size in mL/KG/min
Gender
females have lower oxygen uptake compared with similara age and athleticism
females tend to have higher percentage of body fat and body fat does not consume oxygen
genetics
aerobic capacity is largely determined by genetics
Age
Max oxygen uptake declines with increasing age peaking during late adolescents
training status ( aerobic or cardiorespiratory fitness level)
aerobic traiing increases max oygen uptake valves for both males and females
oxygen deficit
is the period of time at the start of exercise where oxygen demand exceeds the oxygen supply. During oxygen deficit the body must obtain ATP from anaerobic assistance
necessary adjustment involve:]
- increased RR
- increased TV
- increased HR
- Increased SV
steady state
is the state in which oxygen demand and supply are equal so all the ATP required ATP to maintain the current exercise intensity is supplied aerobically
Excess Post exercise Oxygen consumption
(EPOC)
is the amount of oxygen consumed during the recovery period after the cessation of an exercise bout that is over and above the amount usually required during rest.
(AR) increased motor unit and muscle fibre recruitment
an increase in motor unit recruitment so that more muscle fibres are activated to contract. THe greater the force or efort, the greater the number of motor units recruitment and muscle fibres activated
(AR) increased blood flow to the muscles
the demand of the muscles for oxygen leads to vasodilation of the capillaries and redistribtuion of blood form the internal organs ( liver) to the working skeletal muscles
(AR) Increased arteriovenou oxygen differnce
