Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cancer Care- Blood Results > Acute Myeloid Leukaemia > Flashcards

Acute Myeloid Leukaemia Flashcards

1
Q

What is AML?

A
  • The bone marrow produces WBC called granulocytes and monocytes too quickly
  • The leukaemic cells spread to lymph nodes and the spleen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How does AML affect you?

A
  • Too many WBC overcrowd the bone marrow so there is not enough space for other types of blood cells
  • You have lower levels of platelets = leading to bleeding problems and bruising
  • You have lower levels of RBCs = leading to to you being breathless
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the symptoms of AML?

A
  • General Weakness
  • Feeling tired (fatigue)
  • A high temperature (fever)
  • Frequent infections
  • Bruising or bleeding easily ( nosebleeds, bleeding gums when cleaning your teeth, very heavy periods, dark spots on your skin or blood in your urine/ stool)
  • Weight loss
  • Pain in your bones/ joints
  • Breathlessness
  • Feeling full in your tummy
  • Pale skin
  • Swollen lymph nodes (neck, under armpit, groin)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the Risk Factors for AML?

A
  • Myelodysplastic syndrome
  • Older age
  • Smoking
  • Overweight/ Obese
  • Ionising radiation
  • Exposure to benzene at work
  • Inherited conditions (Fanconi Anaemia/ Children with Down’s Syndrome)
  • Past chemotherapy (treatment for Hodgkin Lymphoma or Breast Cancer)
  • Blood Disorders (myelodysplastic syndrome/ Polycythaemia Rubra Vera)
  • Autoimmune Conditions ( RA, Autoimmune Haemolytic Anaemia, Ulcerative Colitis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the types of AML?

A
  • Granulocytic Sarcoma (lump of cells collected outside the bone marrow)
  • Acute Promyelocytic Leukaemia (APL) - Known as AML M3
  • Panmyelosis ( Acute panmyelosis with myelofibrosis)
  • Mixture of AML/ ALL (Biphenotypic leukaemias)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the Risk Stratification?

A
  • Low risk
  • Intermediate risk
  • High risk
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What depends on your risk groups?

A
  • Changes in chromosomes
  • Gene changes
  • markers on leukaemia cells
  • white blood cells when you get diagnosed
  • age at diagnosis
  • whether you have a blood disorder (myelodysplastic syndrome)
  • whether leukaemia is linked to treatment for an earlier cancer
  • whether there is leukaemia present in your CNS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does it mean to be low risk?

A
  • You have a low risk of relapse and are likely to be cured
  • You are likely to undergo chemotherapy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does it mean if you have an intermediate risk?

A
  • Your risk of relapse is intermediate
  • You have chemotherapy and you might have a stem cell transplant
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does it mean if you have a high risk?

A
  • You have a high risk of relapse
  • You have chemotherapy followed by a stem cell transplant
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When should you send a referral for an urgent RBC?

A
  • if you look usually pale
  • extreme tiredness
  • a high temperature
  • unexplained temperature that won’t go away and can’t be explained
  • bruising or bleeding for no reason
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q
  • When should you refer children and young adults immediately?
A
  • unexplained petechia ( red/ purple spots on the skin)
  • enlarged liver or spleen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the main treatments for AML?

A
  • targeted cancer drugs
  • growth factors
  • stem cell or bone marrow transplants
  • radiotherapy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What supportive treatments would you offer for AML?

A
  • Anti Sickness Medication
  • Painkillers
  • Blood transfusions
  • Platelet infusions
  • Antibiotics
  • Allopurinol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are growth factors

A
  • Natural substances that stimulate the bone marrow to make blood cells especially white blood cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

When might you have growth factors?

A
  • Before a stem cell collection for a stem cell/ bone marrow transplant
  • After chemotherapy
17
Q

How do you have G- CSF?

A
  • You usually have growth factors as an injection under the skin
  • Usually via the tummy, into the arm or into the leg
18
Q

What are common side effects of having G-CSF?

A
  • Itching around the injection site
  • Pain in your bones
  • Fever
  • Headaches
  • Tiredness and fatigue
  • Diarrhoea
  • Feeling sick
  • Hair thinning
  • Sore throat
19
Q

What are the phases of treatment for AML?

A
  • Induction
  • Consolidation
20
Q

What is involved in the induction stage of treatment for AML?

A
  • Aim of induction is to destroy the leukaemia cells
  • You have a combination of 2 or more chemotherapy drugs to get rid of the leukaemia
  • cytarabine and daunorubicin
21
Q

What is involved in the consolidation treatment for AML?

A
  • There are different types of consolidation treatment
  • When there are no signs of the leukaemia it is in remission
  • There are different types of consolidation treatment
  • You typically have high dose of chemotherapy and then a bone marrow/ stem cell transplant
22
Q

How do you keep AML away?

A
  • The aim of maintenance treatment is to help leukaemia in remission - months to 2 years
  • You have more chemotherapy such as azacytidine, decitabine
23
Q

What do you need before you start chemotherapy?

A
  • Blood tests are required to ensure that you are safe to start treatment
24
Q

What information might you need to inform a patient after they have had a transplant?

A
  • Inform them of the importance of contraception during treatment ( barrier and hormonal contraception is advised)
  • Inform them that they are unlikely to be fertile after treatment
  • Encourage a healthy diet
  • Encourage exercise
25
Q

What are common transformations which cause Acute Myeloid Leukaemia?

A
  • It can be the result of a transformation from a myeloproliferative disorder such as polycythaemia vera
    or myelofibrosis
26
Q

What will the blood film show?

A
  • It will show a high proportion of blast cells
  • These blast cells will have rod cells inside their cytoplasm (Auer rods)
27
Q

When would you have definitive transplants ?

A
  • high Wcc on FBC
  • high cytogenetic risk
  • lack of remission
28
Q

What are the complications of AML?

A
  • leucostasis ( elevated blast cell count - respiratory/ neurological distress)
  • TLS
  • DIC

Cancer Care- Blood Results (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions