Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

AY Renal > Acute Kidney Injury > Flashcards

Acute Kidney Injury Flashcards

1
Q

What is AKI?

A

An abrupt (26.4umol/l
OR increase in creatinine by >50%
OR reduction in urine output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is AKI?

A

An abrupt (26.4umol/l
OR increase in creatinine by >50%
OR reduction in urine output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What causes pre-renal AKI?

A

Reversible volume depletion leading to oliguria & increase in creatinine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How is oliguria defined?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Pathophysiology of how reduced volume causes AKI

A

Decreased effective intravascular volume
Increased ADH & Aldosterone
Salt & Water retention
Oliguria > AKI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Causes of pre-renal AKI volume deplteion

A

Hypovolaemia
Hypotension
Renal hypoperfusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Causes of hypovolaemia

A

Haemorrhage

Volume depleteion #(e.g. D&V, burns)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Causes of ypotension

A 
Cardiogenic shock 
Disruptive shock (e.g. sepsis, anaphylaxis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Causes of renal hypoperfusion

A

NSAIDs/COX-2
ACEi/ARBS (angiotensin II mediaes arteriolar vasoconstriction therefore increasing GFR)
Hepatorenal syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the consequence of untreated pre-renal AKI

A

Acute tubular necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are causes of acute tubular necrosis

A

Sepsis
Sever dehydration
Rhabdomyolysis
Drug toxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Treatment of prerenal AKI

A

Fluid challende

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which should not be used when fluid challenging pre-renal AKI atients?

A

5% dextrose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is renal AKI?

A

Diseases causing inflammation or damage to cells causing AKI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Blood vessel causes of renal AKI

A

Vasculitis

Renovascular disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Interstitial injuries that cause renal AKI

A

Drugs
Infection (TB)
Systemic (Sarcoid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Tubular injuries that cause renal AKI

A

Ischaemia
Drugs (gentamcici)
Contrast
Rhabdomyolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Symptoms & signs of AKI

A 
Constitutional symptoms 
Nausea & vomiting 
Itch 
Fluid overload (oedema etc.)
Uraemia 
Oliguria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Initial investigations in AKI

A 
U&E's 
FBC & coagulation screen 
Urinalysis 
USS 
Immunology 
Protein electrophoresis & BJP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does Bence Jones protein suggest?

A

Myeloma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Urgent indications for renal biopsy

A

Suspected rapidly progressive GN

Positive immunology & AKI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What should be checked before a patient undergoes a renal biopsy?

A

Normal clotting
Normotensive
No hydronephrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the life threatening complications of AKI?

A

Hyperkalaemia
Fluid overload
Severe acidosis (pH 40)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is post-renal AKI?

A

AKI due to obstruction of urine flow leading to back pressure (hydronephrois) and thus loss of concentrating ability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Causes of obstruction
Stones Cancers Strictures Extrinsic pressure
26
Imaging for post-renal AKI
USS & CT (show dilated renal pelvis)
27
What treatment can be used to relieve obstruction?
Catheter | Nephrostomy
28
How is hyperkalaemia & life threatening hyperkalaemia defined?
Hyperkalaemia = >5.5. | Life threatening hyperkalaemia = >6.5 `
29
How is hyperkalaemia assessed?
ECG | Muscle weakness
30
ECG changes in hyperkalaemia (in order they appear as K+ increases)
``` Peaked T waves Flattened P wave Prolonged PR interval Depressed ST segment Prolonged QRS Sine wave pattern ```
31
What is given to stabilise the myocardium in hyperkalaemia
10ml 10% calcium gluconate
32
What treatment is given in hyperkalaemia to move K+ back into cells
Insulin (actrapid 10 units) with 50ml 50% dextrose | Salbutamol Nebs
33
What is given (not in acute setting) to prevent potassium reabsorption from GI tract?
Calcium resonium
34
What are the indications for dialysis?
``` Hyperkalaemia (unresponsive to therapy) Severe acidosis (pH 40, pericardial rub/effusion ```
35
3 examples of nephrotoxic drugs
Gentamicin NSAIDs ACEi/ARBs
36
3 examples of nephrotosic drugs
Gentamicin SAIDs ACEi/ARBs
37
What causes pre-renal AKI?
Reversible volume depletion leading to oliguria & increase in creatinine
38
How is oliguria defined?
39
Pathophysiology of how reduced volume causes AKI
Decreased effective intravascular volume Increased ADH & Aldosterone Salt & Water retention Oliguria > AKI
40
Causes of pre-renal AKI volume deplteion
Hypovolaemia Hypotension Renal hypoperfusion
41
Causes of hypovolaemia
Haemorrhage | Volume depleteion #(e.g. D&V, burns)
42
Causes of ypotension
``` Cardiogenic shock Disruptive shock (e.g. sepsis, anaphylaxis) ```
43
Causes of renal hypoperfusion
NSAIDs/COX-2 ACEi/ARBS (angiotensin II mediaes arteriolar vasoconstriction therefore increasing GFR) Hepatorenal syndrome
44
What is the consequence of untreated pre-renal AKI
Acute tubular necrosis
45
What are causes of acute tubular necrosis
Sepsis Sever dehydration Rhabdomyolysis Drug toxicity
46
Treatment of prerenal AKI
Fluid challende
47
Which should not be used when fluid challenging pre-renal AKI atients?
5% dextrose
48
What is renal AKI?
Diseases causing inflammation or damage to cells causing AKI
49
Blood vessel causes of renal AKI
Vasculitis | Renovascular disease
50
Interstitial injuries that cause renal AKI
Drugs Infection (TB) Systemic (Sarcoid)
51
Tubular injuries that cause renal AKI
Ischaemia Drugs (gentamcici) Contrast Rhabdomyolysis
52
Symptoms & signs of AKI
``` Constitutional symptoms Nausea & vomiting Itch Fluid overload (oedema etc.) Uraemia Oliguria ```
53
Initial investigations in AKI
``` U&E's FBC & coagulation screen Urinalysis USS Immunology Protein electrophoresis & BJP ```
54
What does Bence Jones protein suggest?
Myeloma
55
Urgent indications for renal biopsy
Suspected rapidly progressive GN | Positive immunology & AKI
56
What should be checked before a patient undergoes a renal biopsy?
Normal clotting Normotensive No hydronephrosis
57
What are the life threatening complications of AKI?
Hyperkalaemia Fluid overload Severe acidosis (pH 40)
58
What is post-renal AKI?
AKI due to obstruction of urine flow leading to back pressure (hydronephrois) and thus loss of concentrating ability
59
Causes of obstruction
Stones Cancers Strictures Extrinsic pressure
60
Imaging for post-renal AKI
USS & CT (show dilated renal pelvis)
61
What treatment can be used to relieve obstruction?
Catheter | Nephrostomy
62
How is hyperkalaemia & life threatening hyperkalaemia defined?
Hyperkalaemia = >5.5. | Life threatening hyperkalaemia = >6.5 `
63
How is hyperkalaemia assessed?
ECG | Muscle weakness
64
ECG changes in hyperkalaemia (in order they appear as K+ increases)
``` Peaked T waves Flattened P wave Prolonged PR interval Depressed ST segment Prolonged QRS Sine wave pattern ```
65
What is given to stabilise the myocardium in hyperkalaemia
10ml 10% calcium gluconate
66
What treatment is given in hyperkalaemia to move K+ back into cells
Insulin (actrapid 10 units) with 50ml 50% dextrose | Salbutamol Nebs
67
What is given (not in acute setting) to prevent potassium reabsorption from GI tract?
Calcium resonium
68
What are the indications for dialysis?
``` Hyperkalaemia (unresponsive to therapy) Severe acidosis (pH 40, pericardial rub/effusion ```
69
Risk factors for AKI
Age Diabetics CKD Co-morbidity
70
3 examples of nephrotosic drugs
Gentamicin SAIDs ACEi/ARBs

AY Renal (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions