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Pathology > Acute Inflammation > Flashcards

Acute Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What is acute inflammation?

A

Innate, immediate, and early response of living tissue to injury

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2
Q

What are causes of acute inflammation?

A 
Microbial infections
Hypersensitivity reactions
Physical agents
Chemicals
Tissue necrosis
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3
Q

What are the clinical features of acute inflammtion?

A 
Rubor - redness
Tumor - swelling
Calor - heat
Dolor - pain 
Loss of function
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4
Q

What changes occur in tissues?

A

Changes in blood flow
Exudation of fluid into tissues
Infiltration of inflammatory cells

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5
Q

What occurs in the vascular phase?

A

Transient vasoconstriction of arterioles

Vasodilatation of arterioles and capillaries
- increase blood flow

Increased permeability of blood vessels

  • exudation of protein rich fluid into tissues
  • slows circulation
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6
Q

What mediates the vascular phase?

A

Histamine
- released from mast cells, basophils, platelets

Causes

  • vascular dilation
  • increase in vascular permeability
  • pain
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7
Q

What occurs during the exudation of fluid?

A

Arteriolar dilation = increase in hydrostatic pressue

Increased permeability = loss of fluid

Net flow of fluid out of a vessel = oedema

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8
Q

What is transudate?

A

Oedema protein = plasma protein

Fluid loss due to hydrostatic pressure imbalance

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9
Q

What is exudate?

A

Oedema protein > plasma protein

Fluid loss in inflammation

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10
Q

What are the mechanisms of vascular leakage?

A

Endothelial contractions -> gaps
- histamine, leukotrienes

Cytoskeletal reorganisation -> gaps
- cytokines IL-1 , TNF

Direct injury

Increased transcytosis - channels across endothelial cytoplasm
- VEGF

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11
Q

What occurs in the cellular phase?

A
  1. margination
    - stasis causes neutrophils to line up along edges of blood vessel
  2. rolling
    - neutrophils roll along endothelium
  3. adhesion
    - neutrophils stick to endothelium
  4. emigration
    - movement of neutrophils through blood vessel wall
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12
Q

How do neutrophils move through vessel walls?

A

Relaxation of inter-endothelial cell junction
Digestion of vascular basement membrane
Movement

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13
Q

How do neutrophils move?

A

Chemotaxis

Rearangement of cytoskeleon

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14
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

Movement along concentration gradients of chemoattractants

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15
Q

What do neutrophils do?

A

Phagocytosis

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16
Q

How does phagocytosis work?

A

Contact
Recognition
Internalistion

Facilitated by opsonins

17
Q

What are the different killing mechanisms of neutrophils?

A

O2 dependent
- produces superoxide and H2O2

O2 independent
- lysozyme and hydrolases

18
Q

What are the chemical mediators of acute inflammation?

A

Increased blood flow

  • histamine
  • prostaglandins

Vascular permeability

  • histamine
  • leukotrienes

Neutrophil chemotaxis

  • C5a
  • LTB4

Phagocytosis
- C3b

19
Q

How does exudation of fluid combat injury?

A

Delivers plasma proteins to area of injiry
Dilutes toxins
Increases lymphatic drainage

20
Q

How does infiltration of cells combat injury?

A

Removes pathogenic organisms

21
Q

How does vasodilation combat injury?

A

Increases delivery of cells

Increases temperature

22
Q

How does pain combat injury?

A

Enforces rest

Reduces risk of further damage

23
Q

What are local complications of acute inflammation?

A

Swelling - blockage of tubes
Exudate - compression
Loss of fluid
Pain

24
Q

What are systemic complications of acute inflammation?

A 
Fever
Leukocytosis 
Acute phase response 
Spread of microorganisms
Shock
25
Q

What is the acute phase response?

A

Change in plasma concentrations of acute phase proteins

  • CRP
  • α1-antitrypsin
  • fibrinogen

Decreases appetite
Raises pulse

26
Q

What happens after acute inflammation?

A

Resolution

Continued acute inflammation with chronic inflammation = abscess

Chronic inflammation

27
Q

What occurs in resolution of acute inflammation?

A

Vascular changes stop - permeability returns to normal

Exudate drains to lymphatics

Fibrin degrased

Neutrophils die

Pathology (12 decks)

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