Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

OTC I > Acute Illness II > Flashcards

Acute Illness II Flashcards

1
Q

What are the causes of nausea and vomiting?

A

-GI Tract-related (stimulation of visceral nerve), often gastroenteritis
-CNS disorders, often Vestibular disorders (motion sickness)
-Overeating
-Pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Symptoms and complications of nausea and vomiting:

A

-Pale skin, cold sweats, dizziness, headache, increased BP and HR

-Complications: Dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, aspiration, malnutrition, tears

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How can motion sickness be treated?

A

With antihistamines, bc Histamine is one of the neurotransmitter involved in that pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the causes of diarrhea?

A

Diarrhea: increase in stool frequency, liquidity, weight, or volume

-often infectious diarrhea (gastroenteritis; viral, bacterial)
-travelers diarrhea
-Food-induced or Food intolerance (lactose)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where to pay attention in patients with diarrhea?

A

-Dehydration, electrolyte imbalances

-Self-limiting, clears out itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How to assess if diarrhea is self-treatable:

SCH

A

Symptoms: Severity of abdominal pain (it could also be due to injury or GI ulcer), Vomiting, or fever?; Signs of dehydration? Fluid and Food intake?

-Characteristics: Description of stool (color, consistency?) Blood?
Frequency and volume of diarrhea?

-History: Recent travel? What have you eaten? Happened before?
Medication? Pregnant? Diabetic or cardiovascular disease?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What causes diarrhea?

A

-Absorption
-Target of the drug: opioid receptor in the small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What causes intestinal Gas?

A

-it is a disruption in the normal physiologic digestive process -> belching, flatulence

-Diet: carbs, oligosaccharides - vegetables, beans
-Carbohydrate malabsorption (lactase deficiency/lactose
intolerance, gluten intolerance (celiac disease))
-swallowing air
-intestinal flora altered
-drug-induced

-Symptoms: are often discomfort of abdomen -> MILD and often self-treatable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How to assess if intestinal gas is self-treatable:

SCHO

A

Symptoms: abdominal discomfort/pain? change in bowel function? Diarrhea? Constipation?
Characteristics: GI bleeding (dark, tarry stools), fatigue, unintentional weight loss
History: How often do symptoms occur?
Onset: Do symptoms correspond with any particular food
consumption? How long do symptoms persist?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where does the gas in the stomach come from?

A

-200ml of gas in the GI tract
-Swallowedair
-Bacteria-producing
-metabolized diet, neutralization of acids in the small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the causes of acute heartburn?

A

-a burning sensation in the stomach or behind the breastbone
-radiates up towards the neck and throat bc of acid reflux

-often bc of overeating and certain meals -> stimulating the trigger
-obesity
-pregnancy, the child pushing organs
-smoking and stress
-drug-induced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Symptoms of heartburn

A

Symptoms: Belching, bloating, nausea
-> when related to food, it will be depending on what and how much you have eaten (1hr after meal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which issue can also be interpreted as heart burn?

A

-heart attack, bc the pain is at the same location
-screen well!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Assess if heart burn is self-treatable:

A

Symptoms: pain on swallowing solid foods? unexplained weight loss? anemia or blood loss? Vomiting blood or passing black tarry stools? Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea?
Characteristics: Looking for severe symptoms -> refer
History: Duration: it could cause damage to the esophagus due to acid
Onset: Does it come from a certain food? How long do symptoms persist? Is it overnight?
Remitting factors: Has the patient tried any medication before?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Pathophysiology/cause of heartburn:

A

Low functionality of the lower esophageal sphincter, allowing the acid to go up the esophagus

-distention of the proximal stomach by food or gas
-positioning after eating (lying down)
-delayed gastric emptying due to overeating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How to evaluate dehydration:

A

-anyone with severe symptoms of dehydration needs to be referred and needs IV fluid

-increased heart rate, but low blood pressure bc there is not much blood flow
-mentally unconscious -> drinks poorly
-deep breath, dry tongue, sunken eyes

-check skin turgor: Severe dehydration = recoil in > 2 sec

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Nausea and vomiting:
Which drugs are suitable for motion sickness?

A

-Antihistamines

18
Q

Nausea and vomiting:
Which drugs are suitable for overeating?

A

-Bismuth subsalicylate
-Phosphorated carbohydrate solution
-Antacids
-Histamine type 2 (H2) receptor antagonists (H2RAs)

19
Q

Nausea and vomiting:
Which drugs are suitable for pregnancy?

A

Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)

20
Q

Which drugs are suitable for diarrhea?

A
21
Q

Which drugs are suitable for Intestinal Gas?

A
22
Q

Which drugs are suitable for Heartburn and Dyspepsia?

A
23
Q

How can fluid be replenished after episodes of vomiting or diarrhea?

A

-Oral rehydration fluids (ORS): Pedialyte - they contain electrolytes (for osmotic pressure, and appropriate absorption), and they are not sugar-heavy
-Gatorade, juices, Cola, but take it with something salty to balance the sugar (diarrhea-promoter) out
-Soups

24
Q

What diet to consider after diarrhea and vomiting?

A

-bland diet: soft, not very spicer, low in fiber (beans, broccoli, avocado, apple)
-BRAT diet: bananas, rice, apple sauce, and toast -> complex carb and binding -> in high amounts would cause constipation, so opposite effect to stop diarrhea

25
Q

Treatment of motion sickness:

A

-Antihistamines: CAUTION -> cause drowsiness
Brand names: Bonine (meclizine), Marezine (Cyclizine), Dramamine (dimenhydrinate)
active ingredients: cyclizine, dimenhydrinate, diphenhydramine,
meclizine

-alternatives: Seaband, if someone is on a trip and doesn’t want to get drowsy
-take 30 min before travel, bc it takes until it works

26
Q

How is Meclizine different from the other active ingredients?

A

It is the longest acting, so use only for longer trips, due to side-effect of drowsiness

27
Q

How to treat overeating related to nausea and vomiting?

A

Bismuth subsalicylate -> Pepto Bismol
-similar to Aspirin: so don’t use it for kids, elderly people, pregnant women, aspirin allergies, asthma

-harmless black staining of stool and darkening of the tongue
-Mild tinnitus indicative of overdosage
-not take within 6 weeks of receiving varicella or influenza vaccine

28
Q

Why is there Children Pepto, when it Pepto Bismol is not for children?

A

It is a different product (product line extension), it has Ca CO3 (Tums, antiacid)
-CAUTION: patients might tend to use Pepto Bismol and use a little dose for their children

29
Q

How does Emetrol work?

A

for nausea and vomiting related to overeating
-It calming to the stomach: Decreases smooth muscle contractions and delays gastric emptying
-it contains sugar: not for DIABETIC
-Side-effect: diarrhea, bc sugar can worsen diarrhea
-taken in 15 intervals until symptoms reduce up to max dose, without food

30
Q

How are nausea and vomiting related to PREGNANCY treated
morning sickness

A

-often in the morning
-Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6),
-short-acting Antihistamines: Dimenhydrinate, diphenhydramine
Complementary therapy: Ginger, peppermint (calms stomach muscle)

31
Q

How to treat Diarrhea?

A

-Loperamide
-Bismuth subsalicylate
-Probiotics
-Lactase replacement

32
Q

Moa of Loperamide:

A

Brand name: Immodium
-it slows down the motility of the GI tract and increases water absorption of water and electrolytes
-only for 48h, symptoms should be gone by that time
-not for kids
-drug interactions
-it can cause constipation (caution in the elderly)
-first dose is often higher, followed by a lower dose up to the max dose

33
Q

How to treat intestinal Gas?

A

-Anti-flatulent medications
* Simethicone * Activated charcoal
-Digestive enzymes
* Alpha-galactosidase * Lactase replacement
-Probiotics

34
Q

MoA for Simethicone:

A

-It works for any kind of gases
-Defoaming agent, reducing the surface tension of gas bubbles in the GI tract ->
-no side-effects: so can be used for kids
-after meal and at bedtime

35
Q

MoA for Activated Charcoal:

A

-it has an adsorbent effect and is binding and eliminated through the feces -> causing dark stools
-doesn’t taste great
-best used for sulfur-based gases (from dietary causes)

36
Q

How can gas produced by complex carbohydrates and oligosaccharides be treated?

A

-Beano, active ingredient: alpha-galactosidase enzyme
-common in high-fiber food: beans, broccoli, cabbage
-take it with food, food should not be too hot bc it the drug is an enzyme
-the enzyme helping to break down the food more effectively so it doesn’t produce gas

37
Q

Treatment of gas due to Lactose-intolerance:

A

Lactaid, active ingredient: lactase enzyme
-break down lactose more effectively
-no side-effects
-supplementation with calcium and Vitamin D for patients with lactose intolerance
-dose varies with the amount of lactose-containing food

38
Q

Treatment of heart burn:

A

-Antacids
-Bismuth subsalicylate
-Histamine type 2 (H2) receptor antagonists (H2RAs)
-Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)

39
Q

Moa of Antacids:

A

-Tums (CaCO3), Rolaids (Mg), Gaviscon, Alka-Seltzer
-active ingredients: calcium carbonate; magnesium hydroxide;
aluminum hydroxide; sodium bicarbonate

-Act as buffering agents and increase intragastric pH -> reduce symptoms
-may impact the absorption of other drugs like antibiotics, bc Antacids are chelator and charged
-Side-effects depending on the salt:
Diarrhea: Mg
Constipation: Al, Ca
Belching, flatulence: Ca, Na

40
Q

How do Histamine blocker work to help with heartburn?

A

-Brand Name: Pepcid (famotidine), Tagamet
-Active ingredients: famotidine, cimetidine (a lot of drug interactions)

-Reduce gastric acid secretion by inhibiting histamine on the H2-receptor of the parietal cell

-side-effects: well tolerated
-may be used when symptoms start or ahead of symptoms

OTC I (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions