Acute colitis

Question 1

Acute colitis

Answer 1

Inflamm of the large colon

Question 2

Acute Dx

Answer 2

In adult horses is always coming for the large colon and never the small intestine

Question 3

Fluid balance in the large intestine

Answer 3

NB in fluid and electrolyte balance

60% of water entering large colon and caecum is absorbed back

Daily vol of secreted and reabsorbed water equals total ECV

Question 4

What are the direct causes of Dx

Answer 4

Increased water and electrolyte content of the faeces

Hypersecretion with malabsorption

Question 5

What are the indirect causes of Dx

Answer 5

Acute inflamm of colon- incr PG– hypersecretion

Enterotoxins binding to secretory receptors

Malabs of VFA’s and sodium- incr permeability

Abnormal microflora- produce metabolites

Altered intestinal motility

If shorter transit time- no time for water to be reabsorbed

Question 6

What happens shortly after Dx

Answer 6

Loss of Na, K, Cl and HCO3

Plasma loss to the intestinal lumen (protein loss)- severe

Dehydration

Metab acidosis

Shock

Renal insufficiency

Question 7

Acute colitis: Bact

Answer 7

Salmonella

Clost: perfringens, difficile

Neorickettsiosis- potomac valley fever

Question 8

Acute colitis: Parasitic

Answer 8

Strongylosis

Cyathostominosis

Anoplocephalosis= tapeworn disease

Question 9

Acute colitis: toxic

Answer 9

AB associated Dx

Right dorsal colitis

Cantharidin- produced by blister beatles

Question 10

Acute colitis: Misc

Answer 10

Intestinal anaphlyaxia

Carb overload

Sand enteropathy

Question 11

Clinical forms of Salmonellosis

Answer 11

1. Carriers: latent or active
2. Lethargy, anorexia, fever, neutropenia without diarrhea or colic
3. Peracute or acute colitis or enterocolitis (animals might die in the early stages
4. Septicaemia with or without Dx (neonatal foals)

Question 12

Aetiology of Salmonellosis

Answer 12

E enterica var typhimurium var agona

Inf from hospital- stress/other chronic diseases can bring it on

Is zoonotic

Enterotoxin- PG synth- incr secretion– Dx

Question 13

Salmonellosis pathogenesis

Answer 13

Inflamm- salm enters enterocytes

Enterotoxin enhances the Dx but is not required! Increases the secretion of Cl and water through cAMP

Fibrinonecrotic typhlocolitis

Interstitial edema

Intramural thrombosis or infarcts

Ulceration of LI

Question 14

Clinical signs of salmonellosis

Answer 14

Depression

Anorexia

Fever, tachycard and tachypnoea

Profuse, watery, smelly Dx

Severe dehydration

Dry, dark or dirty red or purple mm

Prolonged CRT

Tinkling gut sounds at the beginning

Rectal palpation: gas acc in caecum and large colon, edema of wall of LI

Sometimes reflux

Acute laminitis

Question 15

Clinical pathology of Salmonellosis

Answer 15

PCV>60%

Decreased TPP

Leuco, neutro and thrombocytopenia

Hypo: natraemia, kalaemia and chloraemia

Metab acidosis: HCO3<15mmol/l

Prerenal azotemia

Question 16

Diagnosis of salmonellosis

Answer 16

1. Faecal culture: requires a minimum of 3 samples!
2. Rectal biopsy (culture and PCR)

Combo of 1 and 2 has 60-75% sensitivity

3.PCR: high sensitivity and specificity

Note: cannot distinguish Clostr and Salm based on clinical signs

Question 17

Aetilology of Clostridiosis

Answer 17

Perfringens A, B, C

Difficile- hospital infections

ABs= predisp

Question 18

Clostridiosis: clinical signs

Answer 18

Peracute: sudden death without Dx

Acute typhlocolitis

• Depression and anorexia
• Fever, tachycard, tachypnoea
• Colic signs
• Profuse maybe HAEM dx (is this different from salm?)
• Dehydration
• Brick/dirty red mm

Acute laminitis

Question 19

Clostridiosis Diagnosis

Answer 19

Anaerobic culture

Toxin production seen by ELISA or PCR

Question 20

Cyathostominosis aetiology

Answer 20

Cyathostomum, Cylicocylus, Cylicostephanus spp

Large colon and caecum may contain 3rd stage larvae in hypobitoic states– emerge when envirnment is favourable

4th stage migrate through LI mucosa

Question 21

Cyathostominosis Clinical signs

Answer 21

SEASONAL: early spring or following deworming

Severe (maybe fatal)

• Colic signs
• Severe Dx
• Dehydraition
• Sudden weight loss
• SC edema on limbs and ventr abd
• Death

Question 22

Cyathostominosis diagnosis

Answer 22

Larvae from faeces

Rectal biopsy

Definitive only by biopsy from large colon

Question 23

Antibiotic associated Dx aetiology

Answer 23

Clinda and lincomycin, TTC’s: experimentally induced enterocolitis

Trimethoprim sulphonamides

Erythromycin

Rifampin

Metronidazole

Changing of PO AB’s

Gram neg bact prolif in the gut flora- disruption

Direct toxicity: irritation, incr secretion, abnormal motility

Question 24

Antibiotic associated Dx Clinical signs and diagnosis

Answer 24

Usually comes after 2-6 days of the AB therapy

Mild Dx to signs of sever enterocolitis

Similar signs to Salm or Clostr

Diagnosis: AB therapy, ruling out other possible causes

Question 25

Right dorsal colitis

Answer 25

PHENYLBUT!

Mild to moderate colitis signs usually

• Moderate colic signs
• Cow pat like faeces

Sometimes severe colitis- death

US shows thickened wall of R dors colon

Definitive diagnosis by laparotomy or necroscopy

Question 26

Cantharidin toxicosis

Answer 26

Toxin of blister beetles

Anorexia, fever, lethargy

Tachycard

Colic signs

Dx

Mixed shock: myocarditis and necrosis

Oral and lingual vesicles and ulcers

Acute tubular necrosis, cystitis: Pollakiuria, haematuria and dilluted urine

Diagnosis is difficult!! (toxins in feed)

Question 27

Intestinal anaphylaxia (colitis X) Definition and aetiology

Answer 27

Often fatal peracute colitis and endotoxaemia with unknown origin

IgE hypersensitivity in the LI

Question 28

Intestinal anaphylaxia Clinical signs and diagnosis

Answer 28

Similar to other peracute colitis diseases!

• Severe hypovol and endotoxin shock
• Abd pain
• Profuse Dx

When all tests are negative and no other possible cause