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Pathology > Acute and Chronic Inflammation > Flashcards

Acute and Chronic Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

The most common mechanism facilitating increased vascular permeability

a) Endothelial injury
b) leukocyte – mediated endothelial injury
c) Gaps due to endothelial contraction
d) increased transcytosis

A

C

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2
Q

Sources of histamine and serotonin is/are

a) vast cells
b) Basophils
c) platelet
d) AOTA

A

D

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3
Q

Which of the following generates prostaglandin and thromboxanes

a) lipoxygenase
b) cycloxgenase
c) kinins
d) complement

A

C

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4
Q

Which is/are true about acute information?

a) In chemotaxis, the injurious agent goes to the phagocytic cell for phagocytes
b) In activation of phagocytic all, secretions are not only confined to phagosome but also leaks out to the extracellular matrix
c) Leukocyte adhesion consists of migration, rolling, and adhesion
d) B and C are true

A

D

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5
Q

Protein C, fibronectin and amyloid proteins are examples of

a) chemokines
b) acute phase pro
c) cytokines
d) complement

A

B

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6
Q

Leukoid reaction occurs when:

a) leukocyte count reaches 15,000-20,000 cells/mL
b) leukocyte count reaches 40,000 – 100,000 cells/mL
c) leukocyte count drops 5,000 – 10,000 cells/mL
d) leukocyte count drops 1,000 – 5,000 cell/mL

A

B

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7
Q

Which statement is correct?

a) In acute inflammation, the major players are mononuclear inflammatory cells
b) The most common cause of leukocyte defect is bone marrow suppression
c) The chemical mediators of inflammation does not have the potential to have harmful effects
d) Kinin, clotting, fibrinolytic, and complement cascades are interellated systems that are activated by factor V

A

B

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8
Q

Effects of tumor necrosis factor

a) increase fibroblast proliferation
b) decrease acute phase proteins
c) increase anticoagulant activity
d) decrease cytokine secretion

A

A

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9
Q

True of Nitric Oxide

a) pleiomorphic of vasodilation
b) aka endothelium-derived relaxation factor
c) inhibits platelet aggregation and adhesion
d) all of the above

A

B

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10
Q

Outcome/s of acute inflammation

a) resolution
b) abscess formation
c) chronic inflammation
d) all of the above

A

D

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11
Q

Which of the following organs is normally involved in low-level proliferation but is capable of rapid replication upon stimulation?

a) Skeletal muscle
b) liver
c) bone marrow
d) neurons

A

B

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12
Q

A cell producing substances that affect target cells in close proximity:

a) Paracrine
b) Endocrine
c) Paracrine
d) Ecrine

A

B

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13
Q

Which statement is correct?

a. Acute inflammation is typified by infiltration of mononuclear lymphocytes
b. Chronic inflammation can occur without prior acute inflammation
c. Abscess formation is part of fibrinous inflammation
d. Suppurous inflammation produces transudates

A

B

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14
Q

Which of the following is inhibited by steroids

a. Phospholipase
b. Prostaglandin
c. Prostacyclin
d. Thromboxane

A

B

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15
Q

A type of chronic inflammation characterized by activated macrophage with a modified epithelial like (epitheloid) appearance.

a. Granulomatous inflammation
b. Suppurative inflammation
c. Serous inflammation
d. purulent inflammation

A

A

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16
Q

This condition happens when the embolus has gained access into the arterial circulation.

a. Systematic embolism
b. Pulmonary embolism
c. Amniotic Fluid embolism
d. Air embolism

A

A

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17
Q

What is/are the source/s of histamine and serotonin?

a. Mast cell
b. Basophils
c. Platelets
d. AOTA

A

D

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18
Q

What is CORRECT regarding acute inflammation?

A. It is triggered by histamine
B. It is a rapid response specific to the nature of the injury
C. It releases an exudate consisting of fibrin, eosinophils,

A

A

19
Q

Which of the following is correct regarding chronic inflammation?

A. It always follows acute inflammation.
B. The key inflammatory cell is the macrophage.
C. IL-2 secreted by CD4+ T helper lymphocytes activates macrophages.
D. Transforming growth factor alpha triggers scarring.

A

B

20
Q

A 24-year-old man experienced painful urination 4 days following his bachelor party. A urethritis is suspected and Neisseria gonorrhea is cultured. What is the chemical mediator that causes pain?

A. Prostaglandin
B. Hageman factor
C. Bradykinin
D. Leukotriene B4

A

C

21
Q

Best describe inflammatory process:

a. tissue injury eliminated. Inflammation response resolves
but normal tissue and physical function not restored

b. affected area walled off by collection of inflammatory cells. Destruction of tissue by products of monocyte and formsabscess
c. Failure to eliminate insult results in persistence of inflammatory response
d. Chronic Inflammation seldom lead to scar formation

A

C

22
Q

Which is not true of inflammation?

a. it involves multiple participants
b. it occurs in both living and non-living tissues
c. it involves multiple processes overlapping in a continuum
d. it may become harmful

A

B

23
Q

The chronic inflammatory response is not characterized by:

a. inflammation and prolonged during due to persistent of
injurious agent
b. May develop as an insidious, low-grade subclinical
process without history of a prior acute episode.
c. replacement of damaged tissues similar to that originally
present
d. characterized by tissue infiltration with macrophages,
lymphocytes and plasma cells or eosinophils.

A

C

24
Q

Repair by fibrosis as opposed to healing by regeneration, is mainly characterized by:

a. replacement of injured tissue by parenchymal cells of the 
same type
b. replacement by connective tissue
c. starts as early as 24 hours
d. granulation tissue at 3-5 days.
A

B

25
Q

In the process of Leukocyte Migration, TRANSMIGRATION is mainly characterized:

a. initial rapid and loose adhesion
b. activation of leukocytes resulting in increased avidity
c. stable binding of integrins on activated leukocytes
d. directed migration of leukocytes

A

B

26
Q

Which of the following processes involves selectins?

a. Rolling
b. Adhesions
c. Transmigration
d. Chemotaxis

A

A

27
Q

Two processes in inflammation and repair: one requires the presence of neutrophils and edema while the other refers to fibrous tissue formation.

a. Acute Inflammation and Granulomatous Inflammation
b. Chronic Inflammation and Granulomatous Inflammation
c. Acute Inflammation and Granulation Tissue
d. Acute Inflammation and Fibrosis

A

D

28
Q

In a wound with pus, the presence of neutrophils:

a. Is an indication of healing
b. Suggests that there is bacterial infection
c. Indicates that healing will progress more quickly

A

C

29
Q

Presence of fluid indicates:

a. suppurative inflammation
b. serous inflammation
c. granulomatous inflammation
d. chronic inflammation

A

B

30
Q

In order for an ulcer to progress:

a. Squamous cell metaplasia
b. Necrosis and acute inflammation must not stop
c. Fibrotic tissue must be removed
d. Formation of granulomatous tissue

A

B

31
Q

Gross examination of a heart showed pericarditis. The irregular masses of deeply eosinophilic acellular material at the surface of the pericardium on microscopic examination is:

A. fibrinous exudate
B. necrotic debris
C. thrombogenic material
D. granulomatous inflammation

A

A

32
Q

Examination of the pericardial tissue adjacent to this material are varying substances of granulation tissue and young fibrous tissue, which will eventually:

A. differentiate into pericardial adipose tissue
B. differentiate into fibrinous material and be cleared
C. undergo necrosis and removal
D. modified into dense fibrous tissue

A

D

33
Q

Examination of inflamed tissue shows loose connective tissue with numerous small blood vessels and plump endothelial cells. This pathologic process is:

A. Granulomatous inflammation
B. Granulation tissue
C. Granulomatous fibrosis
D. Granulation inflammation

A

B

34
Q

Based on the varied nature of inflammatory processes to different organisms, which etiology in addition should be considered when suppurative inflammation is characterized?

A. bacterial infection
B. viral infection
C.fungal infection
D. rickettsial infection

A

A

35
Q

A liver showed multinodular aggregation of macrophages with numerous cytoplasm. What do these nodules represent?

A. foci of granulomatous inflammation
B. fibrosis (i.e. scarring)
C. regenerating or healing hepatocytes
D. masses of chronic inflammation

A

A

36
Q

Two major pathologic changes: (1) neutrophils plus
edema, (2) loose connective tissue, small blood vessels,
and fibrin. What characterizes these pathologic
changes?

a. acute inflammation and granulomatous inflammation
b. chronic inflammation and granulomatous inflammation
c. acute inflammation and granulation tissue
d. chronic inflammation and granulomatous inflammation

A

C

37
Q

VEGF causes:

a. direct endothelial injury
b. leukocyte induced endothelial injury
c. endothelial retraction of venules
d. transcytosis

A

D

38
Q

Bradykinin causes:

a. Fever
b. Tissue damage
c. Pain
d. Chemotaxis

A

C

39
Q

For gastric ulcer to heal, which of the following must occur?

a. squamous cell metaplasia
b. necrotic tissue must be removed and acute inflammation must stop

A

B

40
Q

A 52-year old woman had a nodule in the left thyroid lobe. Surgical excision and histopathology revealed it as follicular carcinoma of thyroid gland. Pathologists identified invasion of the tumor of its surrounding capsule. If fine needle aspiration was performed prior, diagnosis would be:

a. follicular adenoma
b. follicular carcinoma
c. follicular neoplasm
d. no thyroid nodule can be diagnosed by fine needle aspiration

A

B

41
Q

What is the mechanism of vascular permeability usually caused by microbial toxins?

a. endothelial cell retraction
b. direct endothelial injury
c. leukocyte-mediated endothelial injury
d. increased transcytosis

A

B

42
Q

The acute phase of inflammation is characterized by:

a. Leukopenia
b. Increased appetite
c. Increased short wave of sleep pattern
d. Decreased plasma levels of acute phase

proteins

A

A

43
Q

True of acute inflammation, except:

a. initial response to inciting agent
b. main role is to remove injurious agent, prevent local infection, and allow immune system to access affected area
c. lasts for a few days, even if inciting agent persists
d. outcomes: resolution, chronic inflammation, repair

A

B

44
Q

The chronic inflammation response is characterized by:

a. inflammation prolonged due to presence of infectious agent
b. involves replacement by connective tissue resulting in fibrosis and scarring
c. immediate + early response to an injurious agent
d. replacement of damaged tissue by tissue similar to the original present

A

A

Pathology (6 decks)

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