Actual Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four layers of the epidermis?

A

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum

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2
Q

What cell types are in the stratum basale?

A

stem cells

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3
Q

What cell types are in the stratum spinosum?

A

dendritic cells

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4
Q

What type of cells are in the stratum granulosum?

A

contains cells that have dark-staining keratohyalin granules

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5
Q

What type of cells are in the stratum lucidum?

A

dead cells

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6
Q

What are the functions of the DERMIS, where is it located on the body?

A

connective tissue layer beneath the epidermis, houses hair follicles and nail roots, ranges from eyelids to palms/soles

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7
Q

What are the functions of the HYPODERMIS, where is it located on the body?

A

subcutaneous tissue, pads body and binds skin to underlying tissues. technically not part of the skin but the dermis does anchor to it.

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8
Q

Define melanin.

A

most significant factor in skin color, produced by melanocytes

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9
Q

What are the two forms of pigment that determine skin color?

A

eumelanin, phomelanin

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10
Q

What are the three parts of hair structure?

A

Bulb, Root, and shaft

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11
Q

Define pilus.

A

another name for hair

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12
Q

What are the four processes of losing hair?

A

Anagen (early), Anagen (mature), Catagen, and Telogen.

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13
Q

Mammary Glands

A

milk producing glands located in the breasts

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14
Q

Ceruminous Glands

A

glands of the ear canal that produce wax

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15
Q

Sudoriferous Glands

A

sweat glands

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16
Q

What is basal cell carcinoma?

A

most common type of skin cancer, least dangerous, forms in stratum basale

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17
Q

What is squamous cell carcinoma?

A

arises from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum

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18
Q

What is malignant melanoma?

A

arises from melanocytes, typically fatal

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19
Q

What level of the skin does a first degree burn effect?

A

only the epidermis

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20
Q

What level of the skin does a second degree burn effect?

A

involves part of the dermis

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21
Q

What level of the skin does a third degree burn effect?

A

involves epidermis, all of the dermis, and often deeper

22
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

external sheath covering most of bone

23
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

thin layer of reticular connective tissue lining marrow cavity

24
Q

What are OSTEOGENIC CELLS, where are they located?

A

stem cells, found in endosteum and inner layer of periosteum

25
Q

What are OSTEOBLASTS, where are they located?

A

bone forming cells, they form a single layer of cells under endosteum and periosteum.

26
Q

What are OSTEOCYTES, where are they located?

A

former osteoblasts that have become trapped in the matrix they deposited.

27
Q

What are OSTEOCLASTS, where are they located?

A

bone-dissolving cells found on bone surface

28
Q

What is the general idea of resting membrane potential? (originally set at ~-70 mV) (3 steps)

A
  1. Look at the outside and inside of the membrane. We notice that there is a little bit more negative on the inside, and a bit more positive on the outside.
  2. Extract electrodes from the inside (recording electrode) and outside (reference electrode) of the membrane, these will be the electrodes measuring voltage.
  3. Starting at a range from 100mV to -100mV (0 being the middle, and where we start), we can insert the recording electrode cell, this would then drop it to a -70mV.
29
Q

Compare spongy bone to compact bones.

A

compact bones = reveal osteons

spongy bones = consist of lattice of the bone covered with endosteum and have few osteons.

30
Q

What are the major factors in setting the resting membrane potential? (~-70 mV) (3-steps)

A
  1. Na+/K+ pump (taking sodium out of our cells and putting it in the extracellular fluid, as well as potassium conc. gradient)
  2. Proteins with (-) animo acids. These are inside the cells, always stuck
  3. K+ leak channels, sit inside the cell membrane and allow potassium to move around.
31
Q

What/How are local/graded potentials generated via gated receptors?

A

they are reversible, transient, exist on a continuum.

32
Q

What is the difference between hyperpolarization and depolarization?

A

hyperpolarization = negative bump on continuum

depolarization = positive bump on continuum

33
Q

Define compact bone.

A

dense outer shell of bone

34
Q

Define spongy bone.

A

loosely organized bone tissue4

35
Q

Define ossification.

A

the formation of bone

36
Q

In a human fetus/infant, what are the two methods in which bone develops?

A

intermembranous ossification and endochondral ossification

37
Q

What is the difference between endochondral and intermembranous ossification?

A

endochondral = during infancy and childhood, the epiphyses fill with spongy bone, by late teens, all remaining cartilage in the epiphyseal plate is generally consumed

intermembranous = produces flat bones of cranium and face in fetus, compact bone surrounds trabecular bone, thickens long bones throughout life

38
Q

What is Metaphysis?

A

the zone of transition facing the marrow cavity

39
Q

What are the 5 zones of metaphysis and interstitial growth? (highest to deepest on the bone)

A
  1. zone of reserve cartilage
  2. zone of cell proliferation
  3. zone of cell hypertrophy
  4. zone of calcification
  5. zone of bone deposition
40
Q

What is mineral deposition?

A

process in which calcium, phosphate, and other ions are taken from blood and deposited in bone

41
Q

What is mineral resorption?

A

process of dissolving bone and releasing minerals into blood

42
Q

What are the three hormones that regulate calcium homeostasis?

A

calcitriol, calcitonin, and parathyroid hormone

43
Q

How does CALCITONIN regulate calcium homeostasis?

A

secreted by C cells of thyroid gland when blood calcium levels rise too high, lowers blood/calcium concentration.

44
Q

How does CALCITRIOL regulate calcium homeostasis?

A

the liver and kidney adding hydroxyl group to the vitamin D we receive on our skin, they convert it into calcitriol (the most active form of vitamin D)

45
Q

How does parathyroid hormone regulate calcium homeostasis?

A

raises calcium blood level by four mechanisms, PTH released when calcium levels are low in blood

46
Q

What is a stress fracture?

A

break caused by abnormal trauma to a bone (ex. in a fall)

47
Q

What is a pathological fracture?

A

break in bone weakened by disease (ex. bone cancer/osteoporosis)

48
Q

What is the importance of action potentials at the axon hillock, and voltage gated channels?

A

voltage gated channels do not open for a ligand, they open to response to a change in voltage.

voltage gated channels detects when the cell is depolarizing over the threshold at -45 mV, this then makes voltage gated channel to open, allowing Na+ to enter. (as much as possible)

49
Q

What are the four stages of healing a fracture?

A
  1. hematoma formation
  2. soft callus formation
  3. hard callus formation
  4. bone remodeling
49
Q

What is the most common bone disease, and what happens to the bones?

A

osteoporosis - severe loss in bone density, the bones in the body lose mass and become brittle due to loss of organic matrix and materials.

50
Q

What is orthopedics?

A

branch of medicine dealing with prevention, correction of injuries, and disorders of bones, joints and muscles.