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Fall 2023 > A&P Exam 1 > Flashcards

A&P Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Structure and Function are…

A

closely related

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2
Q

Regarding homeostasis in body temperature, if the body is too WARM, the vessels in the skin…

A

dilate and begin sweating

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3
Q

Regarding homeostasis in body temperature, if the body is too COLD, the vessels in the skin…

A

constrict and shivering begins

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4
Q

Gradient (definition)

A

a difference in chemical concentration, charge, temperature, or pressure between two points

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5
Q

Matter and energy tend to “flow” down gradients. Give an example of this.

A

Ex. Blood flows from a place of higher pressure to a place of lower pressure.

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6
Q

What are atoms?

A

building blocks of nature

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7
Q

What are molecules?

A

multiple atoms held together by bonds

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8
Q

What are elements?

A

a substance consisting of one or more atoms, all the SAME type of atom

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9
Q

What are compounds?

A

multiple elements bonded together

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10
Q

Atoms are made up of…

A

protons, neutrons, and electrons

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11
Q

Where are neutrons located and what are their charge?

A

nucleus, neutral

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12
Q

Where are protons located and what are their charge?

A

nucleus, positive

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13
Q

Where are electrons located and what are their charge?

A

orbiting around the nucleus, negative

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14
Q

How do you identify atomic mass?

A

number of protons in the element

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15
Q

How do you identify atomic mass?

A

The weight of an atom is the combination of the protons and neutrons

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16
Q

Atoms are most chemically stable when…

A

they have full electron shells

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17
Q

How many electrons does the first shell (K) hold?

A

2

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18
Q

How many electrons do the L and M levels hold?

A

8

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19
Q

What is the octet rule?

A

a full 8 electrons

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20
Q

Is a full valence shell chemically reactive or chemically unreactive?

A

chemically unreactive

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21
Q

Electrons of the (blank) shell can form chemical bonds. Fill in the blank and name these electrons.

A

outermost, valence electrons

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22
Q

Cations discard valence electrons and take on a…

A

positive charge

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23
Q

Anions accept additional valence electrons and take on a …

A

negative charge

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24
Q

Electrolytes (definition)

A

substances that ionize in water and form solutions capable of conducting electric current

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25
Q

Why are electrolytes important?

A

they have chemical reactivity, osmotic effects, electrical excitability of nerve and muscles

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26
Q

Basis of Ionic Bonds

A

atoms are exchanged in order to fulfill Octet Rule (they then solve their change imbalance by associating with each other via electrical attraction)

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27
Q

Basis of Covalent Bonds

A

electrons are shared, it is the strongest chemical bond, satisfies both the Octet Rule and charge imbalances, single double or triple covalent bonds are possible.

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28
Q

Nonpolar bonds (definition)

A

electrons shared equally (strongest bond)

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29
Q

Polar bond (definition)

A

electrons shared unequally (spends more time near oxygen)

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30
Q

What are chemical reactions and what do they involve?

A

Chemical reactions involve the formation or breaking of chemical bonds, atoms shift from one molecule to another without any change in number or identity of the atoms.

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30
Q

What are reactants?

A

original molecules

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31
Q

What are products?

A

molecules resulting from reactions

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32
Q

What are hydrogen bonds?

A

Occurs when molecules are attracted to each other, commonly occurs between water molecules, weak interactions, constantly made and broken

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33
Q

Cohesion (definition)

A

water molecules stick to other water molecules by hydrogen bonding

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34
Q

Adhesion (definition)

A

water molecules stick to other polar molecules by hydrogen bonding

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35
Q

What type of ions do acids release when dissolved in solution?

A

hydrogen ions (H+)

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36
Q

What kind of ions do bases release when dissolved in solution?

A

hydroxide ions (OH-)

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37
Q

What is considered neutral pH?

A

7

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38
Q

If a solution is closer to 0, is it more acidic or alkaline?

A

acidic

39
Q

If a solution is closer to 14, is it more acidic or alkaline?

A

alkaline

40
Q

What are buffers and what are they used for?

A

Buffers are used to prevent rapid changed in the pH of the solution.

41
Q

What do buffers consist of?

A

a pair of molecules, one acid and one base

42
Q

What are the four chemical building blocks of life?

A

Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids, Proteins, Lipids

43
Q

What are macromolecules?

A

Longer polymers made from monomers

44
Q

Cellulose (definition)

A

plant cell walls

45
Q

Chitin (definiton)

A

exoskeleton of arthropods and fungi

46
Q

DNA is the…

A

genetic blueprint

47
Q

RNA is the…

A

link between DNA and proteins

48
Q

What are the three things needed to create a nucleic acid?

A

sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base

49
Q

Is DNA double or single stranded?

A

double stranded

50
Q

Is RNA double stranded?

A

No, it is single stranded

51
Q

Carbohydrates contain twice as many hydrogen atoms as they do carbon or oxygen atoms. (T or F)

A

True

52
Q

Which portion of the nucleotide that carries information for making proteins.

a. Nitrogenous bases
b. Sugars and phosphate groups
c. Amino end to carboxy end
d. Peptide bonds
e. Chaperone proteins

A

a. Nitrogenous bases

53
Q

What do amino acids contain?

A

animo end, carboxyl end, central carbon with a Hydrogen, functional side groups

54
Q

What are the four levels of protien structure called?

A

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary

55
Q

Lipids (definition)

A

molecules that are insoluble in water

56
Q

What is the consistency of saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids at room temperature?

A

saturated - solid at room temp
unsaturated - fluid at room temp

57
Q

Do enzymes break down trans fats?

A

No

58
Q

What do phospholipids form?

A

membranes

59
Q

Micelles (definition)

A

lipid molecules orient with polar head toward water and nonpolar tails away from water

60
Q

What are cytoplasms comprised of?

A

Organelles, cytosol

61
Q

What system are many organelles apart of?

A

Endomembrane system

62
Q

What is a plasma membrane?

A

a phospolipid bilayer that defines the boundaries of the cell

63
Q

Where is DNA housed on the cell?

A

nucleus

64
Q

Smooth ER lacks…

A

ribosomes

65
Q

The Rough ER is typically closer to the…

A

nucleus

66
Q

What are ribosomes

A

small granules of protien and RNA responsible for protien synthesis

67
Q

Where are ribosomes found?

A

nucleoli or cytosol, also found on the outer surfaces of the Rough ER

68
Q

What is the Golgi Apparatus purpose?

A

receives transport vesicles with proteins, modifies them, sort and package the proteins for delivery to other organelles.

69
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

a package of enzymes bound by a membrane

70
Q

What do secretory vesicles do?

A

replenish the plasma membrane during exocytosis

71
Q

What is Autophagy?

A

digestion of a cell’s surplus organelles

72
Q

What is Autolysis?

A

“cell suicide”

73
Q

Name 4 traits specific to mitochondrias.

A

Double membrane, has it’s own ribosomes, maternal inheritance (has it’s own DNA), Aerobic respiration for ATP production

74
Q

What are microfilaments?

A

aka actin fibers, they support cell membrane, assist in movement

75
Q

Transcription (definition)

A

DNA is used to make messenger RNA (mRNA)

76
Q

Where does transcription take place?

A

Nucleus

77
Q

Translation (definition)

A

ribosomes are used to make a protein from the information in mRNA

78
Q

Where does Translation take place?

A

cytoplasm

79
Q

What are the Five Nitrogenous Bases?

A
  1. Adenine (A)
  2. Guanine (G)
  3. Cytosine (C)
  4. Thymine (T)
  5. Uracil (U)
80
Q

Where are chromosomes normally only seen?

A

cell division

81
Q

DNA is normally…

A

double stranded, joined by hydrogen bonds at the base pairs

82
Q

5’ – GAT – ATG – AAA – TTT — GCC – TAG – TCT – 3’
3’ – CTA – TAC – TTT – AAA – CGG – ATC – AGA – 5’

Looking at this Transcription Example, which is the template strand?

A

The bottom strand, it must be 3’ to 5’.

83
Q

5’ – GAT – ATG – AAA – TTT — GCC – TAG – TCT – 3’
3’ – CTA – TAC – TTT – AAA – CGG – ATC – AGA – 5’

Looking at this Transcription Example, what is the sequence of mRNA that is described?

A

The sequence that is transcribed is the RNA Pol reads DNA 3’-5’, but writes mRNA 5’-3’.

84
Q

Ribosomes handle translation, aka making a protein. What are ribosomes made out of and how do they read?

A

ribosomes are made out of RNA and protein, they read 5’-3’.

85
Q

Codons of RNA are matched to a….

A

tRNA anticodon by the ribosome

86
Q

Where do things happen in glycolysis?

A

the cytosol.

87
Q

What are the products and reactants of each step in glycolysis?

A

glucose is a reactant, pyruvate molecules are a product.

88
Q

Is ATP produced in Glycolysis?

A

Yes

89
Q

What is the third process in Glucose Metabolism called?

A

Krebs Cycle

90
Q

In the Krebs Cycle, where do things happen?

A

mitochondria matrix

91
Q

In the Krebs Cycle, what are the reactants and products of each step?

A

reactants - CoA
products - carbon dioxide, ATP, NADH, FADH2

92
Q

Is ATP produced in the Krebs Cycle?

A

yes

93
Q

What is the Fourth process of Glucose Metabolism called?

A

Electron Transport Chain

94
Q
A

Fall 2023 (5 decks)

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