A&P Exam 1 Flashcards
Structure and Function are…
closely related
Regarding homeostasis in body temperature, if the body is too WARM, the vessels in the skin…
dilate and begin sweating
Regarding homeostasis in body temperature, if the body is too COLD, the vessels in the skin…
constrict and shivering begins
Gradient (definition)
a difference in chemical concentration, charge, temperature, or pressure between two points
Matter and energy tend to “flow” down gradients. Give an example of this.
Ex. Blood flows from a place of higher pressure to a place of lower pressure.
What are atoms?
building blocks of nature
What are molecules?
multiple atoms held together by bonds
What are elements?
a substance consisting of one or more atoms, all the SAME type of atom
What are compounds?
multiple elements bonded together
Atoms are made up of…
protons, neutrons, and electrons
Where are neutrons located and what are their charge?
nucleus, neutral
Where are protons located and what are their charge?
nucleus, positive
Where are electrons located and what are their charge?
orbiting around the nucleus, negative
How do you identify atomic mass?
number of protons in the element
How do you identify atomic mass?
The weight of an atom is the combination of the protons and neutrons
Atoms are most chemically stable when…
they have full electron shells
How many electrons does the first shell (K) hold?
2
How many electrons do the L and M levels hold?
8
What is the octet rule?
a full 8 electrons
Is a full valence shell chemically reactive or chemically unreactive?
chemically unreactive
Electrons of the (blank) shell can form chemical bonds. Fill in the blank and name these electrons.
outermost, valence electrons
Cations discard valence electrons and take on a…
positive charge
Anions accept additional valence electrons and take on a …
negative charge
Electrolytes (definition)
substances that ionize in water and form solutions capable of conducting electric current
Why are electrolytes important?
they have chemical reactivity, osmotic effects, electrical excitability of nerve and muscles
Basis of Ionic Bonds
atoms are exchanged in order to fulfill Octet Rule (they then solve their change imbalance by associating with each other via electrical attraction)
Basis of Covalent Bonds
electrons are shared, it is the strongest chemical bond, satisfies both the Octet Rule and charge imbalances, single double or triple covalent bonds are possible.
Nonpolar bonds (definition)
electrons shared equally (strongest bond)
Polar bond (definition)
electrons shared unequally (spends more time near oxygen)
What are chemical reactions and what do they involve?
Chemical reactions involve the formation or breaking of chemical bonds, atoms shift from one molecule to another without any change in number or identity of the atoms.
What are reactants?
original molecules
What are products?
molecules resulting from reactions
What are hydrogen bonds?
Occurs when molecules are attracted to each other, commonly occurs between water molecules, weak interactions, constantly made and broken
Cohesion (definition)
water molecules stick to other water molecules by hydrogen bonding
Adhesion (definition)
water molecules stick to other polar molecules by hydrogen bonding
What type of ions do acids release when dissolved in solution?
hydrogen ions (H+)
What kind of ions do bases release when dissolved in solution?
hydroxide ions (OH-)
What is considered neutral pH?
7
If a solution is closer to 0, is it more acidic or alkaline?
acidic
If a solution is closer to 14, is it more acidic or alkaline?
alkaline
What are buffers and what are they used for?
Buffers are used to prevent rapid changed in the pH of the solution.
What do buffers consist of?
a pair of molecules, one acid and one base
What are the four chemical building blocks of life?
Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids, Proteins, Lipids
What are macromolecules?
Longer polymers made from monomers
Cellulose (definition)
plant cell walls
Chitin (definiton)
exoskeleton of arthropods and fungi
DNA is the…
genetic blueprint
RNA is the…
link between DNA and proteins
What are the three things needed to create a nucleic acid?
sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base
Is DNA double or single stranded?
double stranded
Is RNA double stranded?
No, it is single stranded
Carbohydrates contain twice as many hydrogen atoms as they do carbon or oxygen atoms. (T or F)
True
Which portion of the nucleotide that carries information for making proteins.
a. Nitrogenous bases
b. Sugars and phosphate groups
c. Amino end to carboxy end
d. Peptide bonds
e. Chaperone proteins
a. Nitrogenous bases
What do amino acids contain?
animo end, carboxyl end, central carbon with a Hydrogen, functional side groups
What are the four levels of protien structure called?
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary
Lipids (definition)
molecules that are insoluble in water
What is the consistency of saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids at room temperature?
saturated - solid at room temp
unsaturated - fluid at room temp
Do enzymes break down trans fats?
No
What do phospholipids form?
membranes
Micelles (definition)
lipid molecules orient with polar head toward water and nonpolar tails away from water
What are cytoplasms comprised of?
Organelles, cytosol
What system are many organelles apart of?
Endomembrane system
What is a plasma membrane?
a phospolipid bilayer that defines the boundaries of the cell
Where is DNA housed on the cell?
nucleus
Smooth ER lacks…
ribosomes
The Rough ER is typically closer to the…
nucleus
What are ribosomes
small granules of protien and RNA responsible for protien synthesis
Where are ribosomes found?
nucleoli or cytosol, also found on the outer surfaces of the Rough ER
What is the Golgi Apparatus purpose?
receives transport vesicles with proteins, modifies them, sort and package the proteins for delivery to other organelles.
What are lysosomes?
a package of enzymes bound by a membrane
What do secretory vesicles do?
replenish the plasma membrane during exocytosis
What is Autophagy?
digestion of a cell’s surplus organelles
What is Autolysis?
“cell suicide”
Name 4 traits specific to mitochondrias.
Double membrane, has it’s own ribosomes, maternal inheritance (has it’s own DNA), Aerobic respiration for ATP production
What are microfilaments?
aka actin fibers, they support cell membrane, assist in movement
Transcription (definition)
DNA is used to make messenger RNA (mRNA)
Where does transcription take place?
Nucleus
Translation (definition)
ribosomes are used to make a protein from the information in mRNA
Where does Translation take place?
cytoplasm
What are the Five Nitrogenous Bases?
- Adenine (A)
- Guanine (G)
- Cytosine (C)
- Thymine (T)
- Uracil (U)
Where are chromosomes normally only seen?
cell division
DNA is normally…
double stranded, joined by hydrogen bonds at the base pairs
5’ – GAT – ATG – AAA – TTT — GCC – TAG – TCT – 3’
3’ – CTA – TAC – TTT – AAA – CGG – ATC – AGA – 5’
Looking at this Transcription Example, which is the template strand?
The bottom strand, it must be 3’ to 5’.
5’ – GAT – ATG – AAA – TTT — GCC – TAG – TCT – 3’
3’ – CTA – TAC – TTT – AAA – CGG – ATC – AGA – 5’
Looking at this Transcription Example, what is the sequence of mRNA that is described?
The sequence that is transcribed is the RNA Pol reads DNA 3’-5’, but writes mRNA 5’-3’.
Ribosomes handle translation, aka making a protein. What are ribosomes made out of and how do they read?
ribosomes are made out of RNA and protein, they read 5’-3’.
Codons of RNA are matched to a….
tRNA anticodon by the ribosome
Where do things happen in glycolysis?
the cytosol.
What are the products and reactants of each step in glycolysis?
glucose is a reactant, pyruvate molecules are a product.
Is ATP produced in Glycolysis?
Yes
What is the third process in Glucose Metabolism called?
Krebs Cycle
In the Krebs Cycle, where do things happen?
mitochondria matrix
In the Krebs Cycle, what are the reactants and products of each step?
reactants - CoA
products - carbon dioxide, ATP, NADH, FADH2
Is ATP produced in the Krebs Cycle?
yes
What is the Fourth process of Glucose Metabolism called?
Electron Transport Chain
