A&P Exam 1

Question 1

Structure and Function are…

Answer 1

closely related

Question 2

Regarding homeostasis in body temperature, if the body is too WARM, the vessels in the skin…

Answer 2

dilate and begin sweating

Question 3

Regarding homeostasis in body temperature, if the body is too COLD, the vessels in the skin…

Answer 3

constrict and shivering begins

Question 4

Gradient (definition)

Answer 4

a difference in chemical concentration, charge, temperature, or pressure between two points

Question 5

Matter and energy tend to “flow” down gradients. Give an example of this.

Answer 5

Ex. Blood flows from a place of higher pressure to a place of lower pressure.

Question 6

What are atoms?

Answer 6

building blocks of nature

Question 7

What are molecules?

Answer 7

multiple atoms held together by bonds

Question 8

What are elements?

Answer 8

a substance consisting of one or more atoms, all the SAME type of atom

Question 9

What are compounds?

Answer 9

multiple elements bonded together

Question 10

Atoms are made up of…

Answer 10

protons, neutrons, and electrons

Question 11

Where are neutrons located and what are their charge?

Answer 11

nucleus, neutral

Question 12

Where are protons located and what are their charge?

Answer 12

nucleus, positive

Question 13

Where are electrons located and what are their charge?

Answer 13

orbiting around the nucleus, negative

Question 14

How do you identify atomic mass?

Answer 14

number of protons in the element

Question 15

How do you identify atomic mass?

Answer 15

The weight of an atom is the combination of the protons and neutrons

Question 16

Atoms are most chemically stable when…

Answer 16

they have full electron shells

Question 17

How many electrons does the first shell (K) hold?

Answer 17

2

Question 18

How many electrons do the L and M levels hold?

Answer 18

8

Question 19

What is the octet rule?

Answer 19

a full 8 electrons

Question 20

Is a full valence shell chemically reactive or chemically unreactive?

Answer 20

chemically unreactive

Question 21

Electrons of the (blank) shell can form chemical bonds. Fill in the blank and name these electrons.

Answer 21

outermost, valence electrons

Question 22

Cations discard valence electrons and take on a…

Answer 22

positive charge

Question 23

Anions accept additional valence electrons and take on a …

Answer 23

negative charge

Question 24

Electrolytes (definition)

Answer 24

substances that ionize in water and form solutions capable of conducting electric current

Question 25

Why are electrolytes important?

Answer 25

they have chemical reactivity, osmotic effects, electrical excitability of nerve and muscles

Question 26

Basis of Ionic Bonds

Answer 26

atoms are exchanged in order to fulfill Octet Rule (they then solve their change imbalance by associating with each other via electrical attraction)

Question 27

Basis of Covalent Bonds

Answer 27

electrons are shared, it is the strongest chemical bond, satisfies both the Octet Rule and charge imbalances, single double or triple covalent bonds are possible.

Question 28

Nonpolar bonds (definition)

Answer 28

electrons shared equally (strongest bond)

Question 29

Polar bond (definition)

Answer 29

electrons shared unequally (spends more time near oxygen)

Question 30

What are chemical reactions and what do they involve?

Answer 30

Chemical reactions involve the formation or breaking of chemical bonds, atoms shift from one molecule to another without any change in number or identity of the atoms.

Question 30

What are reactants?

Answer 30

original molecules

Question 31

What are products?

Answer 31

molecules resulting from reactions

Question 32

What are hydrogen bonds?

Answer 32

Occurs when molecules are attracted to each other, commonly occurs between water molecules, weak interactions, constantly made and broken

Question 33

Cohesion (definition)

Answer 33

water molecules stick to other water molecules by hydrogen bonding

Question 34

Adhesion (definition)

Answer 34

water molecules stick to other polar molecules by hydrogen bonding

Question 35

What type of ions do acids release when dissolved in solution?

Answer 35

hydrogen ions (H+)

Question 36

What kind of ions do bases release when dissolved in solution?

Answer 36

hydroxide ions (OH-)

Question 37

What is considered neutral pH?

Answer 37

7

Question 38

If a solution is closer to 0, is it more acidic or alkaline?

Answer 38

acidic

Question 39

If a solution is closer to 14, is it more acidic or alkaline?

Answer 39

alkaline

Question 40

What are buffers and what are they used for?

Answer 40

Buffers are used to prevent rapid changed in the pH of the solution.

Question 41

What do buffers consist of?

Answer 41

a pair of molecules, one acid and one base

Question 42

What are the four chemical building blocks of life?

Answer 42

Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids, Proteins, Lipids

Question 43

What are macromolecules?

Answer 43

Longer polymers made from monomers

Question 44

Cellulose (definition)

Answer 44

plant cell walls

Question 45

Chitin (definiton)

Answer 45

exoskeleton of arthropods and fungi

Question 46

DNA is the...

Answer 46

genetic blueprint

Question 47

RNA is the...

Answer 47

link between DNA and proteins

Question 48

What are the three things needed to create a nucleic acid?

Answer 48

sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base

Question 49

Is DNA double or single stranded?

Answer 49

double stranded

Question 50

Is RNA double stranded?

Answer 50

No, it is single stranded

Question 51

Carbohydrates contain twice as many hydrogen atoms as they do carbon or oxygen atoms. (T or F)

Answer 51

True

Question 52

Which portion of the nucleotide that carries information for making proteins. a. Nitrogenous bases b. Sugars and phosphate groups c. Amino end to carboxy end d. Peptide bonds e. Chaperone proteins

Answer 52

a. Nitrogenous bases

Question 53

What do amino acids contain?

Answer 53

animo end, carboxyl end, central carbon with a Hydrogen, functional side groups

Question 54

What are the four levels of protien structure called?

Answer 54

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary

Question 55

Lipids (definition)

Answer 55

molecules that are insoluble in water

Question 56

What is the consistency of saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids at room temperature?

Answer 56

saturated - solid at room temp unsaturated - fluid at room temp

Question 57

Do enzymes break down trans fats?

Answer 57

No

Question 58

What do phospholipids form?

Answer 58

membranes

Question 59

Micelles (definition)

Answer 59

lipid molecules orient with polar head toward water and nonpolar tails away from water

Question 60

What are cytoplasms comprised of?

Answer 60

Organelles, cytosol

Question 61

What system are many organelles apart of?

Answer 61

Endomembrane system

Question 62

What is a plasma membrane?

Answer 62

a phospolipid bilayer that defines the boundaries of the cell

Question 63

Where is DNA housed on the cell?

Answer 63

nucleus

Question 64

Smooth ER lacks...

Answer 64

ribosomes

Question 65

The Rough ER is typically closer to the...

Answer 65

nucleus

Question 66

What are ribosomes

Answer 66

small granules of protien and RNA responsible for protien synthesis

Question 67

Where are ribosomes found?

Answer 67

nucleoli or cytosol, also found on the outer surfaces of the Rough ER

Question 68

What is the Golgi Apparatus purpose?

Answer 68

receives transport vesicles with proteins, modifies them, sort and package the proteins for delivery to other organelles.

Question 69

What are lysosomes?

Answer 69

a package of enzymes bound by a membrane

Question 70

What do secretory vesicles do?

Answer 70

replenish the plasma membrane during exocytosis

Question 71

What is Autophagy?

Answer 71

digestion of a cell's surplus organelles

Question 72

What is Autolysis?

Answer 72

"cell suicide"

Question 73

Name 4 traits specific to mitochondrias.

Answer 73

Double membrane, has it's own ribosomes, maternal inheritance (has it's own DNA), Aerobic respiration for ATP production

Question 74

What are microfilaments?

Answer 74

aka actin fibers, they support cell membrane, assist in movement

Question 75

Transcription (definition)

Answer 75

DNA is used to make messenger RNA (mRNA)

Question 76

Where does transcription take place?

Answer 76

Nucleus

Question 77

Translation (definition)

Answer 77

ribosomes are used to make a protein from the information in mRNA

Question 78

Where does Translation take place?

Answer 78

cytoplasm

Question 79

What are the Five Nitrogenous Bases?

Answer 79

1. Adenine (A) 2. Guanine (G) 3. Cytosine (C) 4. Thymine (T) 5. Uracil (U)

Question 80

Where are chromosomes normally only seen?

Answer 80

cell division

Question 81

DNA is normally...

Answer 81

double stranded, joined by hydrogen bonds at the base pairs

Question 82

5’ – GAT – ATG – AAA – TTT — GCC – TAG – TCT – 3’ 3’ – CTA – TAC – TTT – AAA – CGG – ATC – AGA – 5’ Looking at this Transcription Example, which is the template strand?

Answer 82

The bottom strand, it must be 3' to 5'.

Question 83

5’ – GAT – ATG – AAA – TTT — GCC – TAG – TCT – 3’ 3’ – CTA – TAC – TTT – AAA – CGG – ATC – AGA – 5’ Looking at this Transcription Example, what is the sequence of mRNA that is described?

Answer 83

The sequence that is transcribed is the RNA Pol reads DNA 3'-5', but writes mRNA 5'-3'.

Question 84

Ribosomes handle translation, aka making a protein. What are ribosomes made out of and how do they read?

Answer 84

ribosomes are made out of RNA and protein, they read 5'-3'.

Question 85

Codons of RNA are matched to a....

Answer 85

tRNA anticodon by the ribosome

Question 86

Where do things happen in glycolysis?

Answer 86

the cytosol.

Question 87

What are the products and reactants of each step in glycolysis?

Answer 87

glucose is a reactant, pyruvate molecules are a product.

Question 88

Is ATP produced in Glycolysis?

Answer 88

Yes

Question 89

What is the third process in Glucose Metabolism called?

Answer 89

Krebs Cycle

Question 90

In the Krebs Cycle, where do things happen?

Answer 90

mitochondria matrix

Question 91

In the Krebs Cycle, what are the reactants and products of each step?

Answer 91

reactants - CoA products - carbon dioxide, ATP, NADH, FADH2

Question 92

Is ATP produced in the Krebs Cycle?

Answer 92

yes

Question 93

What is the Fourth process of Glucose Metabolism called?

Answer 93

Electron Transport Chain