A&P Exam 2

Question 1

What happens in G1 phase of the cell cycle?

Answer 1

growth and normal metabolic roles

Question 2

What happens in the synthesis phase of the cell cycle?

Answer 2

DNA replication

Question 3

What happens in the G2 phase of the cell cycle?

Answer 3

growth and prep for mitosis, proofreading of DNA

Question 4

What are G1, S, and G2 phase called?

Answer 4

interphase

Question 5

What is a Karyotype?

Answer 5

array of paired chromosomes in somatic cell

Question 6

Somatic cells are also called…

Answer 6

diploid cells, 2n

Question 7

Gametes are also called…

Answer 7

haploids, n

Question 8

What are all the phases of Mitosis?

Answer 8

Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis

Question 9

Briefly describe what happens in Prophase.

Answer 9

cell exits G2, chromosomes condense, centrioles migrate to opposite polar ends of the cell.

Question 9

Briefly describe what happens in Metaphase.

Answer 9

chromosomes lie along midline, fibers of aster attach to plasma membrane.

Question 10

Briefly describe what happens in Anaphase.

Answer 10

centrioles divide in two. spindle fibers pull sister chromatids to opposite poles of cell.

Question 11

Briefly describe what happens in Telophase.

Answer 11

Chromosomes gather at each pole of the cell and decondense. Mitotic spindle vanishes. New nuclear envelope appears in each nucleus.

Question 12

Stem cells are immature cells that…

Answer 12

can specialize or “differentiate” into other cell types.

Question 13

What are the three checkpoints in the cell cycle?

Answer 13

G1/S, G2/M, Spindle Checkpoint

Question 14

What are tissues?

Answer 14

A group of cells that perform a specific function

Question 15

Histology is the study of…

Answer 15

tissue structure, organization, and function

Question 16

How many types of tissue make up the human body?

Answer 16

4

Question 17

Epithelial Tissue

Answer 17

form coverings, linings, and glands

Question 18

Connective Tissue

Answer 18

protection and support

Question 19

Muscle Tissue

Answer 19

provides movement

Question 20

Nervous Tissue

Answer 20

allows communication

Question 21

Extracellular matrix

Answer 21

material found outside of the tissue

Question 22

Collagen

Answer 22

tough, protective protein fibers

Question 23

Proteoglycans

Answer 23

negatively charged protein/carbohydrate molecules

Question 24

Cellular connections

Answer 24

attachments between cells

Question 25

Tight Junctions

Answer 25

allows no movement between the cells

Question 26

Desmosomes

Answer 26

flexible connections that allow some movement between cells

Question 27

Gap Junctions

Answer 27

passageways that allow movement between the cells

Question 28

Cellularity

Answer 28

almost all cells, no extracellular matrix

Question 29

Contacts

Answer 29

desmosomes and tight junctions

Question 30

Avascular

Answer 30

relies on diffusion

Question 31

Polarity

Answer 31

apical and basal surfaces

Question 32

Regenerations

Answer 32

high rate of cell turnover

Question 33

Simple Epithelia Tissue

Answer 33

single layer cell, all of the cells touch the basement membrane

Question 34

Stratified Epithelia Tissue

Answer 34

two or more layers, some cells rest upon other cells, not the basement membrane

Question 35

Pseudostratified

Answer 35

Appears to be many layers, but it is only one layer. Fairly rare.

Question 36

Functions of connective tissue:

Answer 36

movement, storage, heat, transport, support, binding organs

Question 37

What are the fiber types of fibrous connective tissue?

Answer 37

collagenous, reticular, elastic

Question 38

What is white fat?

Answer 38

thermal insulation, cushions things

Question 39

What is brown fat?

Answer 39

only seen in fetuses and infants, disappears with age

Question 40

What does “osseous tissue” mean?

Answer 40

bony tissue

Question 41

What are the two types of bone?

Answer 41

spongy and compact

Question 42

What is the soma in a neuron?

Answer 42

the body of the neuron

Question 43

What are dendrites in a neuron?

Answer 43

signal receivers

Question 43

What is an axon in a neuron?

Answer 43

the “nerve fiber”

Question 44

What are the four different membranes in your body?

Answer 44

• serous
• mucous
• synovial
• cutaneous

Question 45

In G1, DNA is…

a. condensed into visible chromosomes.
b. copied - sister chromatids are present.
c. Diploid homologous chromosomes are present.
d. in the process of being duplicated.
e. uncondensed or relaxed - chromatin is present.
f. haploid homologous chromosome pairs are separated.

(2 correct answers)

Answer 45

C, E

Question 46

Why do we have checkpoints in the cell cycle?

a. to determine if a cell is ready to divide during mitosis.
b. to make sure DNA has been accurately copied.
c. to prevent DNA from being copied before the cell is ready to do it.
d. All of the above.

Answer 46

D

Question 47

If we replaced the cohesion protein that holds sister chromatids together with superglue, a cell could never…

a. enters telophase.
b. exit prophase
c. proceeds through Metaphase
d. proceeds through Anaphase

Answer 47

D

Question 48

This tissue type would best promote diffusion of gases.

a. simple squamous
b. stratified squamous.
c. stratified cuboidal.
d. dense irregular

Answer 48

A

Question 49

This tissue type can secrete and move mucus with cilia.

a. Pseudostratified columnar
b. chondroitin sulfate
c. reticular connective tissue
d. transitional
e. simple columnar
f. stratified cuboidal

Answer 49

A, E

Question 50

Which is not under voluntary control?

a. skeletal muscle
b. cardiac muscle
c. smooth muscle
d. A and B
e. B and C
f. A and C
G. A,B, and C

Answer 50

E