A&P Exam 2 Flashcards
What happens in G1 phase of the cell cycle?
growth and normal metabolic roles
What happens in the synthesis phase of the cell cycle?
DNA replication
What happens in the G2 phase of the cell cycle?
growth and prep for mitosis, proofreading of DNA
What are G1, S, and G2 phase called?
interphase
What is a Karyotype?
array of paired chromosomes in somatic cell
Somatic cells are also called…
diploid cells, 2n
Gametes are also called…
haploids, n
What are all the phases of Mitosis?
Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis
Briefly describe what happens in Prophase.
cell exits G2, chromosomes condense, centrioles migrate to opposite polar ends of the cell.
Briefly describe what happens in Metaphase.
chromosomes lie along midline, fibers of aster attach to plasma membrane.
Briefly describe what happens in Anaphase.
centrioles divide in two. spindle fibers pull sister chromatids to opposite poles of cell.
Briefly describe what happens in Telophase.
Chromosomes gather at each pole of the cell and decondense. Mitotic spindle vanishes. New nuclear envelope appears in each nucleus.
Stem cells are immature cells that…
can specialize or “differentiate” into other cell types.
What are the three checkpoints in the cell cycle?
G1/S, G2/M, Spindle Checkpoint
What are tissues?
A group of cells that perform a specific function
Histology is the study of…
tissue structure, organization, and function
How many types of tissue make up the human body?
4
Epithelial Tissue
form coverings, linings, and glands
Connective Tissue
protection and support
Muscle Tissue
provides movement
Nervous Tissue
allows communication
Extracellular matrix
material found outside of the tissue
Collagen
tough, protective protein fibers
Proteoglycans
negatively charged protein/carbohydrate molecules
Cellular connections
attachments between cells
Tight Junctions
allows no movement between the cells
Desmosomes
flexible connections that allow some movement between cells
Gap Junctions
passageways that allow movement between the cells
Cellularity
almost all cells, no extracellular matrix
Contacts
desmosomes and tight junctions
Avascular
relies on diffusion
Polarity
apical and basal surfaces
Regenerations
high rate of cell turnover
Simple Epithelia Tissue
single layer cell, all of the cells touch the basement membrane
Stratified Epithelia Tissue
two or more layers, some cells rest upon other cells, not the basement membrane
Pseudostratified
Appears to be many layers, but it is only one layer. Fairly rare.
Functions of connective tissue:
movement, storage, heat, transport, support, binding organs
What are the fiber types of fibrous connective tissue?
collagenous, reticular, elastic
What is white fat?
thermal insulation, cushions things
What is brown fat?
only seen in fetuses and infants, disappears with age
What does “osseous tissue” mean?
bony tissue
What are the two types of bone?
spongy and compact
What is the soma in a neuron?
the body of the neuron
What are dendrites in a neuron?
signal receivers
What is an axon in a neuron?
the “nerve fiber”
What are the four different membranes in your body?
- serous
- mucous
- synovial
- cutaneous
In G1, DNA is…
a. condensed into visible chromosomes.
b. copied - sister chromatids are present.
c. Diploid homologous chromosomes are present.
d. in the process of being duplicated.
e. uncondensed or relaxed - chromatin is present.
f. haploid homologous chromosome pairs are separated.
(2 correct answers)
C, E
Why do we have checkpoints in the cell cycle?
a. to determine if a cell is ready to divide during mitosis.
b. to make sure DNA has been accurately copied.
c. to prevent DNA from being copied before the cell is ready to do it.
d. All of the above.
D
If we replaced the cohesion protein that holds sister chromatids together with superglue, a cell could never…
a. enters telophase.
b. exit prophase
c. proceeds through Metaphase
d. proceeds through Anaphase
D
This tissue type would best promote diffusion of gases.
a. simple squamous
b. stratified squamous.
c. stratified cuboidal.
d. dense irregular
A
This tissue type can secrete and move mucus with cilia.
a. Pseudostratified columnar
b. chondroitin sulfate
c. reticular connective tissue
d. transitional
e. simple columnar
f. stratified cuboidal
A, E
Which is not under voluntary control?
a. skeletal muscle
b. cardiac muscle
c. smooth muscle
d. A and B
e. B and C
f. A and C
G. A,B, and C
E
