A&P Exam 3 Flashcards
Ch. 6
What are some functions of the skin?
resistance to trauma and infection, is a barrier for water, UV rays, vitamin D synthesis. As well as sensation, thermoregulation, and nonverbal communication.
Ch. 6
Skin is made of three main layers. What are they?
Epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis.
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Define Epidermis.
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
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What is the deepest epidermal layer?
Stratum basale
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What are the five epidermal cell types?
Stem cells, keratinocytes, melanocytes, tactile cells, dendritic cells
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Thick skin is found…
palms of your hand, soles of your feet
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How many layers does thick skin have?
5
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How many layers does thin skin have?
4
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Where is thin skin located?
Everywhere besides the palms and soles of your feet.
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Define Dermis.
connective tissue layer beneath epidermis
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Define Dermal Papillae
upward, finger-like extensions of dermis
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Define Papilary Layer within the Dermis
superficial zone of dermis, one of the two layers of the dermis
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What kind of tissue is the Papilary layer made of?
loose areolar tissue
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Define Reticular Layer within the Dermis.
deeper and thicker layer of the dermis, beneath the papilary layer
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What kind of tissue is the Reticular Layer made of?
dense irregular connective tissue.
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What is the deepest layer of skin?
hypodermis
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What is special about the hypodemis?
it is technically not part of the skin, but included because dermis anchors to it.
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Define Melanin.
most significant factor in skin color, produced by melanocytes
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What are the two types of pigment in skin?
Eumelanin and Pheomelanin
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What other pigments can influence skin color?
Hemoglobin and Carotene
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Define Pilus
another name for hair
Where do you not find hair?
palms, soles, palmar, plantar, lips, nipples, parts of genitals
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Hair can be divised into how many zones along it’s length?
3
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What is a bulb?
a division of hair, a swelling at the base where hair originates in dermis or hypodermis.
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What is the dermal papila?
bud of vascular connective tissue encased by bulb
The only source of nutrition for hair
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What is the hair matrix?
region of mitotically active cells immediately above papilla
Hair’s growth center
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What are the three layers of hair in a cross section?
medulla, cortex, and cuticle
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What are the three stages of losing your hair?
Anagen, Catagen and Telogen.
What are sudoriferous glands?
sweat glands
What are the two types of sudorifeous glands?
aprocrine and merocrine
What are Myoepithelial cells?
contract in response to stimulation by sympathetic nervous system and squeeze perspiration up the duct
What is a sebum?
oily secretion of subaceous glands, keeps skin/hair from becoming dry, brittle
What are sebaceous glands?
flask shaped, have short openings into hair folicles
What is the most common skin cancer?
basal cell carcinomia
What the the three types of skin cancer?
basal cell, squamous cell, malignant melanoma
Classify a first-degree burn.
involves only the epidermis, heals in days, regular sunburn
Classify a second-degree burn.
“partial thickness” burn, involves part of the dermis, two weeks to several months to heal, may leave scars
Classify a third-degree burn.
“full thickness” burn, involves epidermis and all of the dermis, often some deeper tissues.
Are UVA rays tanning or burning rays?
tanning rays
Third-degree burns often require…
a skin graft
Define Autograft
tissue taken from another location off a person’s body
Define Split-skin graft
taking the epidermis and part of the dermis from an undamaged area
Define Isograft
skin from an identical twin
Define Homograft
skin from an unrelated person
Define Heterograft
skin from another species
What are some functions of the skeleton? (6)
support, protection, movement, electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, blood formation
What are the 5 different bone shapes/classifications?
flat, long, short, sesamoid, irregular
Define compact bone
dense outer shell of bone
Define cancellous (spongy) bone
loosely organized bone tissue
Define nutrient foramina
minute holes in bone surface that allows blood vessels to penetrate
What is bone?
connective tissue that consists of cells, fibers, and ground substance
What are the four principal types of bone cells?
osteogenic, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts
Define bone marrow
soft tissue occupying marrow cavities of long bones and small spaces of spongy bones
What are the two methods of developing bones?
intramembranous and ednochondral ossification
What are the two types of bone marrow?
Yellow and Red
