Across Practice Areas

Question 1

___________ are “what is typically required to carry out the activity regardless of client and context.”

Answer 1

Activity demands

Question 2

___________________ are “what is required by the specific client (person, group, or population) to carry out an occupation”

Answer 2

Occupation demands

Question 3

_____________ is “a broad construct defined as the environmental and personal factors specific to each client (person, group, population) that influence engagement and participation in occupations”

Answer 3

Context

Question 4

__________________ are “aspects of the physical, social, and attitudinal surroundings in which people conduct their lives”. They generally facilitate or hinder a person’s functioning and are external to the individual. Examples include natural and human-made elements; products and technology; support and relationships; attitudes; and services, systems, and policies.

Answer 4

Environmental factors

Question 5

______________ relate to a person’s background of demographic factors, customs, and beliefs. These are not considered positive or negative; rather, they are considered internal to the individual. Some examples of personal factors include age, gender, sexual orientation, cultural identification, and social background.

Answer 5

Personal factors

Question 6

_______________ are “the acquired habits, routines, roles, and rituals used in the process of engaging consistently in occupations”. They can support or hinder occupational performance.

Answer 6

Performance patterns

Question 7

_______________ are observable, goal-directed actions and consist of motor skills, process skills, and social interaction skills.

Answer 7

Performance skills

Question 8

____________ are “specific capacities, characteristics, or beliefs that reside within the person, group, or population and influence performance in occupations”.

Answer 8

Client factors

Question 9

When working with people whose injuries or health condition warrant a biomechanical approach, analyze activities in terms of…

Answer 9

the typical body structures and functions (e.g., strength, range of motion, cardiovascular function) needed to perform them.

Question 10

For people who have mental illness, analyze activities by…

Answer 10

their use of social skills, communication, and capabilities for emotion regulation.

Question 11

Adjusting the difficulty level of the occupation or activity using a variety of approaches to promote client performance is called…

Answer 11

Grading

Based on a client’s performance, grading involves increasing (“upgrading”) or decreasing (“downgrading”) the demands of an activity step by step to promote occupational performance to find the just-right challenge when tasks are too easy or too difficult to complete.

Activities are graded to address the client’s performance strengths or limitations and to promote psychomotor learning; the occupational therapist carefully changes the demands of the activity to more appropriately match the client’s ability.

Question 12

As a client’s skills emerge or improve, the occupational therapist slowly lessens or eliminates the prompts or cues provided. The result is improved performance in the task or activity. This is called…

Answer 12

Fading

Question 13

Chaining is used to teach a complex behavior by reinforcing each step of the behavior separately.

Reinforcing the first step, then add sequential steps while fading the reinforcers for earlier steps as they’re learned is called…

Answer 13

Forward chaining

Question 14

Chaining is used to teach a complex behavior by reinforcing each step of the behavior separately.

Reinforcing the final step, then second to last step, etc., while fading the reinforcers for later steps as they’re learned is called…

Answer 14

Backward chaining

Question 15

Chaining is used to teach a complex behavior by reinforcing each step of the behavior separately.

When the client attempts all the steps of a task while receiving prompts along the way and reinforcement at the end, this is called…

Answer 15

total task training

Question 16

Adaptation aims for the client’s successful involvement in preferred occupations; instead of working to improve or change a client’s ability, this strategy focuses on changing the activity demands to match a person’s current ability.

What are the 4 main reasons to adapt an activity?

Answer 16

1. To make it therapeutic (e.g., for a person with limited arm strength, add weight to their wrist while they clean a window).
2. To grade the amount and type of exercise along a therapeutic continuum to achieve a goal (e.g., for a person with poor grip coordination or grip strength, enlarge the size of game pieces so they can enjoy leisure pursuits).
3. To enable participation (e.g., teach someone recovering from a stroke with left hemiparesis how to dress with one hand).
4. To prevent cumulative trauma injury (e.g., raise the desk height of an office worker so they aren’t hunched over for hours at a time).

Question 17

What are 3 ways to adapt an activity?

Answer 17

Decrease the demands (e.g., reduce the cognitive or physical skills required to complete the activity)

Implement the use of adaptive equipment or assistive devices (e.g., instruct a client with hip precautions to use a sock donner).

Alter the social or physical environment