Acquired disease

Question 1

What are the 6 classifications for Pulmonary Hypertension according to the ACVIM guidelines?

Answer 1

1) Pulmonary arterial hypertension
2) PH due to L-heart disease
3) PH due to respiratory disease
4) Pulmonary emboli, thromboemboli or emboli
5) Parasitic disease
6) PH with multifactorial or unclear mechanism

Question 2

What are examples of PH secondary to respiratory disease

Answer 2

COPD
Primary pulmonary parenchymal disease
Chronic obstructive airway disorders
Obstructive sleep apnea/sleep disordered breathing
Chronic exposure to high altitudes
Developmental lung disease
Miscellaneous: bronchiolar disorders ; bronchiectasis; emphysema; pneumonectomy

Question 3

What are parasitic causes of PH?

Answer 3

Dirofilaria or Angiostrongylus infection

Question 4

what are differentials for Pulmonary arterial hypertension;

Answer 4

Idiopathic (IPAH)
Hereditable
Drugs and toxins induced
Associated with APAH- e.g. Congenital cardiac shunts, Pulmonary vasculitis, Pulmonary vascular amyloid deposition

Question 5

How is pulmonary hypertension secondary to left-sided heart disease defined in humans?

Answer 5

Increased PAP associated with increased PAWP (>15 mm Hg in humans; a surrogate for left atrial [LA] or left ventricular filling pressure), is referred to as postcapillary PH.

Question 6

Combined postcapillary and precapillary (C-PH) is defined as what in humans?

Answer 6

In humans, C-PH currently is defined by a pressure difference of ≥7 mm Hg between diastolic PAP and PAWP