Acoustics Flashcards
How is fundamental frequency determined in speech
By the rate at which the vocal folds open and close
How do we hear increases in fundamental frequency
Increases in pitch
Fundamental frequency
Lowest frequency of a complex waveform
Relationship of F1 frequency to vowel height
F1
Frequency increases as height decreases
Relationship of F2 frequency to vowel backness
F2 frequency decreases as backness increases
Which formant is related to rhoticity
F3; this is lowered during a rhotic
whats a spectrogram
visual representation of the frequencies of electronically produced sound, typically used to represent and analyse human speech
what are formants in general and on a spectrogram
harmonics with greater relative intensity than other frequencies.
Dark lines on spectrogram corresponding to vocal tract resonances.
what does low F3 on spectrogram signal?
rhoticity
how can you see voicing on a spectrogram?
‘voice bar’ darker line first formant
how can u see velars on spectrogram
F2 and F3 appear closer together
whats a periodic wave and give us an example
They occur where a pressure wave of a specific shape is repeated. An example of a periodic wave might be something like music notes where a particular pitch is sustained.
whats an aperiodic wave and give us some examples
An aperiodic wave involves moment-to-moment pressure variations – so the shape will appear more ‘random’ as there is no repeating pattern. We often think of the sound of an aperiodic wave as ‘noise’ -> sounds such as radio static and paper rustling. Transient sounds also fall under the category of aperiodic waves – these are high-amplitude, short-duration sounds, such as finger snapping.
why is fundamental frequency independent from formants
The fundamental frequency (F0) is determined by the laryngeal source, while the formants are determined by the shape of the vocal tract
Monothong on a spectrogram
Steady state of stable formats (straight lines)
Because there’s just the one target
