Acoustic Characteristics of Resonant Sounds

Question 1

resonant consonants

Answer 1

nasals, liquids, glides

Question 2

SLVT shape

Answer 2

relatively open, especially in vowels

Question 3

Aperiodic noise

Answer 3

not present during articulation of resonant sounds

Question 4

Resonant sound sound source

Answer 4

vocal fold vibration

Question 5

VF vibration

Answer 5

characterized by the presence of formants (f1,2,3)

Question 6

Formant frequencies

Answer 6

will vary based on a multitude of factors (e.g., gender, size, speaking situation, rate, phonetic context, word frequency)

Question 7

F1

Answer 7

Most closely associated with pharynx size. This varies with tongue height. Air pocket size increases as tongue is pulled up. bigger air pocket, lower resonating frequency

Question 8

High vowels and glides

Answer 8

highest tongue position and low F1 frequency

Question 9

Lower tongue makles a

Answer 9

smaller air pocket.

Question 10

smaller air pocket

Answer 10

higher resonating frequency.

Question 11

Low vowels

Answer 11

High F1 Frequency

Question 12

F2

Answer 12

Most closely associated with oral cavity size

Question 13

Oral cavity size

Answer 13

varies with tongue advancement.

Question 14

Size of air pocket in the oral cavity

Answer 14

decreases as the tongue moves forward.

Question 15

Front vowels

Answer 15

high F2 frequency (front placement of tongue and small air pocket in oral cavity)

Question 16

Back vowels

Answer 16

low F2 frequency (biggest air pocket and at the back of the mouth

Question 17

F3

Answer 17

Important for distinguishing the retroflexed vowels for /er/ and the consonant /r/ in english

Question 18

Retroflexed sounds

Answer 18

constrictions at the lips, toward the back of the hard palate and near the epiglotis. Constricting the vocal tract, these locations lower F3

Question 19

As the degree of constriction increases

Answer 19

sound amplitude is reduced. Resonant consonants have a lower amplitude than vowels

Question 20

Side cavity

Answer 20

tongue position for resonant consonants can produce this It is not directly connected with the open air. They don’t show up in the output speech signal.

Question 21

side cavities appear as this in the output signal

Answer 21

zeroes; “anti-resonances”; the opposite of a formant.

Question 22

Zeroes on the spectrogram

Answer 22

appears as white space or if it is near a formant frequency, a sudden reduction in formant amplitude

Question 23

Nasal Consonants

Answer 23

Have a complete closure at some location in the oral cavity. (lips, alveolar ridge, or the velum)

Question 24

Nasal consonants characterized

Answer 24

as zeroes in the output

Question 25

Nasal cavity

Answer 25

large pocket of air which resonates at a low frequency. They have a low frequency formant

Question 26

liquids and glides

Answer 26

involve a constriction in the vocal tract that does not produce turbulent airflow. articulation does not produce aperiodic noise

Question 27

liquids and glides vocal tract

Answer 27

Tends to be more constricted than for vowels so amplitude is lower.

Question 28

tongue shape for /l/

Answer 28

produces a side air pocket behind the tip of the tongue, which introduces zeroes into the spectrum for /l/.

Question 29

Obstruent Sounds

Answer 29

Stops, fricatives, and affricates. Vocal tract is relatively constricted. Presence of narrow constriction somewhere in the vocal tract results in turbulent airflow.

Question 30

When airflow becoes turbulent

Answer 30

aperiodic noise is produced

Question 31

Fricatives

Answer 31

have a continuant noise because the airflow is never totally constricted.

Question 32

stops

Answer 32

noncontinuent sounds because the airflow is completely stopped

Question 33

voiceless stops

Answer 33

burst may be followed by an aspiration underscore noise; followed in turn by the onset of vocal fold vibration.

Question 34

Voice onset time

Answer 34

period of time from the beginning of the burst till the onset of voicing.

Question 35

affricates

Answer 35

combine the features of stops and fricatives; the blockage is released in a narrow constriction. Airflow through the constriction produces frication noise

Question 36

Aperiodic noise

Answer 36

can serve as the only sound source for all obstruents. VF vibration is not required to produce an output sound. Therefore, obstruents can be voiceless

Question 37

Voiced obstruent sounds

Answer 37

sometimes show no VF vibration but are nevertheless perceived as voice