Acids, Bases, and Salts Flashcards
What are the properties of acids?
Conduct electricity in Aq solutions (depending on the degree of ionization).
Will react with metals more active than H to liberate the H.
Change the color of indicators.
Neutralize with bases to form a salt and water.
React with carbonates to release carbon dioxide. (H2CO3 –> H2O + CO2)
What are strong acids?
HClO3, HClO4, HNO3, HCl, H2SO4, HI, and HBr
What are the properties of bases?
Conduct electricity in Aq solutions (depending on the degree of ionization).
Change the color of indicators.
Neutralize with bases to form a salt and water.
Aq solutions feel slipper and stronger bases = corrosive to skin.
What are strong bases?
Group 1 hydroxides
What are the 3 acid/base theories?
Arrhenius’, Brønsted-Lowry’s, and Lewis’
What are Arrhenius acids?
H+ or H3O+ producers
What are Arrhenius bases?
OH- producers
What are Brønsted-Lowry acids?
Proton donors
What are Brønsted-Lowry bases?
Proton acceptors
What are Lewis acids?
Electron pair acceptors
What are Lewis bases?
Electron pair donors
What are conjugate acids and bases?
Acids turn into conjugate bases and bases into conjugate acids. (This is part of Brønsted-Lowry theory)
What does a stronger acid/base entail for the conjugate?
It is weaker meaning that the dissociations go to completion.
pH formula
pH = -log[H+]
pOH formula
pOH = -log[OH-]
pH from pOH
pH + pOH = 14.00
What are buffer solutions?
Equilibrium systems that resist change in acidity and maintain constant pH when acid or base is added to them.
How are buffer solutions prepared in the lab?
Mixing equal molar quantities of a weak acid and its salt.
What are salts?
Ionic compounds with a non-H+ cation and a non-OH- anion.
What are the 5 methods to prepare salts?
Neutralization reactions.
Single replacement reactions.
Double replacement reactions.
The reaction of a metallic oxide with a nonmetallic oxide (basically the synthesis of these).
What are amphoteric substances?
They act like acids in the presence of a strong base and act like bases in the presence of a strong acid.
How is acid rain formed?
Sulfur or nitrogen oxides combine with atmospheric moisture to yield their respective acids which rain down.
Methyl Orange
Color change pH: 3.1-4.4
Below lower: Red
Above higher: yellow
Bromthymol blue
Color change pH: 6.0-7.6
Below lower: Yellow
Above higher: Blue
Litmus
Color change pH: 2.5-8.3
Below lower: Red
Above higher: Blue
Phenolphthalein
Color change pH: 8.3-10.0
Below lower: Colorless
Above higher: Pink
