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NUR 406 (Patho II) > Acid Base (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Acid Base (Exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

pH

A

The ‘Potential’ or ‘Power’ of Hydrogen ion

Reflects the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

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2
Q

pH scale

A

1 = very acidic

7 = neutral

14 = very alkaline

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3
Q

pH is a negative logarithm of hydrogen H ion concentration

A

H+ goes up, pH goes down

H+ goes down, pH goes up

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4
Q

When the H+ ion goes up

A

pH goes down

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5
Q

When the H+ goes down

A

the pH goes up

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6
Q

The higher H+, the lower the pH =

A

More acidic

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7
Q

The lower the H+, the higher the pH =

A

The more alkaline

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8
Q

Acids have more H+ ions so they can

A

give up (donate) H+ ions

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9
Q

Bases have less H+ ions so they can

A

Accept a H+ ion

Give up hydroxide ion (OH-)

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10
Q

Strong acids can

A

completely dissociate and give up all there H+ ions in a solution

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11
Q

Weak acids can

A

only partially dissociate in solutions

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12
Q

Hydrogen in the body helps
3

A

Helps maintain cell membranes

Helps with enzyme activity

Helps in energy production

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13
Q

Hydrogen is a component of

A

Sugar
Protein
Starch
Fats

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14
Q

7 = neutral

A

Equal H+ and OH-

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15
Q

Body always likes keep pH in a normal range, what is normal range?

A

7.35-7.45 (blood)

(not the same everywhere in the body)

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16
Q

How do we measure body pH

A

In our serum (blood)

(not the same everywhere in the body)

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17
Q

What is the most acidic place in the body? How does our body handle it?

A

The stomach and it is uniquely designed to handle HCl

Duodenum has defense mechanism to neutralize the acid.

Mucus cells secrete mucus and bicarbonate that keep the surface of the stomach neutral

LES prevents the movement of gastric acid into the esophagus

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18
Q

Body functions best when pH is what range?

A

7.35-7.45

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19
Q

What happens when pH is outside of 7.35-7.45 range?

A

Enzymes will not function properly

Affects electrolytes: Na-K-Cl

Hormones are affected

O2 transport and delivery also affected

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20
Q

More acidic Hgb will _______ _______ more O2 at the tissue level

A

Give up

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21
Q

More alkaline Hgb will ________ ________ more O2 at the tissue level

A

Hold onto

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22
Q

Do we prefer someone to be more acid or more alkalotic?

A

Acid (Hgb will give up O2 better)

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23
Q

pH that is incompatible with life

A

pH < 6.8

pH > 7.8

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24
Q

Two types of gasses in the body

A

Volatile acids

Non-volatile acids

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25
Volatile acids
Carbonic acid H2CO3 (breaks up into water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) Happens in lungs allow lungs to expel CO2
26
Non-volatile acids
Can not be dissolved so can not convert into a gas so they are eliminated by the kidneys
27
How are most non-volatile acids eliminated?
By the kidney
28
Common Non-voltaile acids
Lactic acid Phosphoric acid Sulfuric acid Acetoacetic acid Beta-hydroxybutyric
29
What acid is measured in someone with DKA?
Beta-hydroxybutyric acid
30
Does the body produce more acid or bases?
Produces more acids
31
Lactic acid can be re utilized for energy if
When oxygen is re-established
32
Why does our body produce more acids? 3
-Ingestion of food and drink -Metabolism of lipids and proteins -Cellular metabolism waste product -- CO2 a volatile acid (With H2O = Carbonic acid)
33
Three ways body can maintain acid base homeostasis
Buffers (Quick and All the time) Respiratory system (Rapid and short lived) Renal system (Last and long term balance)
34
Buffers
Chemicals in the body that combine with acid or base to change the pH back to a normal range The chemical RELEASE or ACCEPT an H+ ion Happens quick and short lived
35
3 Main Buffer Systems
1. Bicarbonate (carbonic acid buffer) 2. Phosphate buffer 3. Protein buffer (hemoglobin)
36
Bicarbonate (Carbonic Acid buffer)
Main ECF buffer (outside the cell)
37
What enzymes breaks down carbonic acid in lungs and kidneys to balance pH
Carbonic anhydrASE
38
If carbonic acid travels to lungs
Carbonic anhydrase breaks it down into H2O + CO2 Lungs exhale CO2 to balance pH
39
If carbonic acid travels to the kidneys
Carbonic anhydrase breaks it down into H+ + HCO3 Kidneys then excrete hydrogen ions to balance pH
40
What can we give a patient who is acidic and not compensating?
Sodium bicarbonate to lower PH
41
Bicarbonate -- Carbonic Acid Equation
HCO3- + H+ = H2CO3 = CO2 + H2O
42
Phosphate Buffer
Main intracellular buffer
43
Protein Buffers
Carboxyl group (COOH) is a weak acid that give up H+ ion. Amino group (NH2-) accept H+ -Hemoglobin is considered in this group ("Picks" up CO2 at the cellular level)
44
Cellular compensation (buffer system)
H+ = positively charged ions K+ = positively charge ion, mostly found inside the cell
45
Increase in H+ (concentration)
-pH decreases - more acidic so -H+ move into cell -K+ moves out of the cell -Electrical neutrality is restored inside the cell
46
Respiratory Mechanisms
Body produces CO2 CO2 and H2O creates carbonic acid -H2CO3 Exhalation excretes CO2 Does Not affect fixed acids (non-volatile) like lactic acid Body pH can be adjusted by changing create and depth of breathing (blow off CO2) so less H2CO3 is made
47
Kideny Regulation
Can eliminate large amounts of acid except carbonic acid Can also excrete base (when pH too basic) Can conserve (reabsorb) and produce new bicarb ions (when pH too acidic)
48
What is the most effective regulator of pH
Kidneys If kidneys fail, pH balance fails
49
Kidney Regulation: Body is in Acidosis
Kidneys respond by INCREASING reabsorption of bicarbonate (and making new) and INCREASING secretions of H+ ions (acid component) into the urine This helps raise pH back to normal
50
Kidney Regulation: Body is in Alkalosis
Kidneys respond by DECREASING bicarb reabsorption and REDUCE Hydrogen ion secretion into urine This helps lower the pH back to normal
51
Buffer: Rate of correction
Almost instantaneously
52
Respiratory: Rate of correction
Min to hours
53
Renal: Rate of Correction
Hours to days
54
The body response to acid-base imbalance is called compensation
Maybe be COMPLETE if brought back within normal limits May be PARTIAL if range is still outside normal
55
Compensation is oppostie is nature so if
If problem is metabolic: The respiratory system will compensate If problem is respiratory: The renal system will compensatie
56
ACIDOSIS body
Stimulates brain to increase RR Decrease CO2 by blowing it off Decrease CO2 and H2CO3 in blood Raises pH
57
ALKALOSIS body
Stimulates bran to decrease RR Increase blood CO2 and H2CO3 Decrease pH
58
Respiratory Control of pH
Lungs are primary controller of H2CO3 (carbonic acid) CO2 is carried in the blood to the lungs, excess CO2 combines with H2O to form CARBONIC ACID (H2CO3) This triggers the lungs to increase or decrease the rate and depth of ventilation to adjust the pH Hyperventilation = CO2 blown off (Increase pH) Hypoventilation = CO2 retained (decreased pH)
59
Renal Control of pH
Kidneys control pH by adjusting the amount of HCO3 (bicarb) 1: Reabsorbed into the bloodstream 2: Excreted in the urine
60
Normal Values: pH CO2 pO2 HCO3 O2 Sat
ph = 7.35 - 7.45 CO2 = 35-45 pO2 = 80-100 HCO3 = 24-29 O2 Sat = 95-100%

NUR 406 (Patho II) (24 decks)

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