Acid-base Disorders Flashcards
What is bicarbonate reclamation related to?
RTA II
Define Anion Gap.
The difference between the values of commonly measured cations and anions in the blood.
What is the formula for calculating the Anion Gap?
AGAP = (Na + K) – (Cl + HCO3)
What is the typical value range for the Anion Gap?
8-16 mmol/l
What causes an increase in the Anion Gap during metabolic acidosis?
Another anion must be produced to maintain electroneutrality, e.g., lactate in lactic acidosis.
What are the causes of High Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis (HAGMA)?
- Methanol
- Uraemia
- Diabetic ketoacidosis
- Paracetamol
- Iron
- Izoniazid
- Ibuprofen
- Lactic acidosis
- Ethylene glycol
- Ethanol
- Salicylate
- Starvation
True or False: Normal Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis is common.
False
What causes Normal Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis?
- Renal tubular acidosis
- Enteritis
- Gastric fistulae
- Excessive chloride salt ingestion
- Normal saline IV
What is the primary problem in Respiratory Alkalosis?
Hyperventilation
What does excessive exhalation of CO2 in Respiratory Alkalosis lead to?
Reduced PCO2 and increased pH
What are some causes of Respiratory Alkalosis?
- Pulmonary oedema
- Anaemia
- Anxiety
- Hysteria
- Brain stem disease
What is the Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation?
pH = Pka + Log [base]/[Acid]
What is the normal pH range for blood?
7.35 - 7.45
What is the normal range for HCO3 in blood?
22 - 30 mmol/L
Interpret the blood gas analysis: pH 7.48, pCO2 2 kPa, HCO3 11 mmol/L.
Metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation.
Interpret the blood gas analysis: pH 7.24, pCO2 8 kPa, HCO3 25 mmol/L.
Respiratory acidosis.
What is the significance of hypokalaemia with acidosis?
It is unusual and can occur in conditions like renal tubular acidosis.
Interpret the biochemical data for a patient with Na+ 140 mmol/L, K+ 2.4 mmol/L, Cl- 87 mmol/L, HCO3- 39 mmol/L, pH 7.53, pCO2 6.4 kPa.
Metabolic alkalosis with hypokalaemia.
What would analysis of the patient’s urine reveal in case of repeated episodes of nausea and weakness?
Low potassium levels.
Calculate the pH for laboratory reagent with the hydrogen ion concentration of 25nmol/L.
pH = 7.6
