Acid/Base - 19

Question 1

pH

Answer 1

-ve log scale
-low number = high H+
-difference in pH of 5 and 6 is 10x H+
-acidic is 1-6 (lots of H+)
-basic is 8+ (little H+)

-blood is 7.35-7.45
-saliva around 6.5
-urine between 5-8

-urine is one of the only large ranging bodily substances in pH

Question 2

Alkalemia/Acidemia

Answer 2

-alkalemia is basic blood
-acidemia is acidic blood
-pH of 7.1 causes aryhtia and 7.0 is CNA depression

Question 3

Buffers

Answer 3

use up or free H+
keep at equalibrium (reversible chemical reaction)

Question 4

Intracellular Buffers

Answer 4

inside of cells = protein buffer system
-amino groups and protens

Question 5

Extracellular buffers

Answer 5

bicarbonate buffer ystem
-kidneys preserve bicarb
-urina has phosphate buffer and bicarb buffer

Question 6

What happens within the bicarbonate buffer system when you increase CO2 levels?

Answer 6

-CO2 combines with water and the carbonic acids levels go up
-some of the carbonic acid decomposes to yield H+ and bicarbonate
-in the end, the increased levels of H+ brings the pH down a very smallamount and the whole system is shifted to the right to maintain a balance in the reactants and products

Question 7

CO2 Generation and transport

Answer 7

watch lecture or yt

Question 8

Respiratory causes of Acidosis

Answer 8

-dissolved CO2 yields H+
* Anything that interferes with respiration will increase dissolved CO2 you will not exhale the CO2 produced
– Lung damage (e.g., emphysema), loss of patency of the airways (e.g., a foreign body) or chest wall damage in the breathing (e.g., damage to the
muscles of respiration)
– Damage (e.g., trauma) or incapacitation (e.g., opiate poisoning) of respiratory centers in medulla oblongata
– Just holding your breath or running

Question 9

Nonrespiratory Causes of Acidosis

Answer 9

Anything except for CO2 causing increased H+
is called nonrespiratory or metabolic acidosis
– Anaerobic metabolism
* Lactic acid produced during anaerobic glycolysis
– Kidney dysfunction
* Normally the kidney secretes large amounts of acid and when it is not functioning properly pH will fall.
– Incomplete breakdown of fatty acids
* Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and other forms of starvation lead to large increases in fatty acids
Consumption of ethanol in large quantities
– ethanol is converted to acetaldehyde and then acetic acid
* Acidic fruits which have citric and other acids (this is a very minor contribution)
* Diarrhea – The loss of bicarbonate rich intestinal fluid leads to acidosis

Question 10

Respiratory Causes of Alkalosis

Answer 10

= low CO2 in blood
-caused by hperventialtion

Question 11

Metabolic/ non resp alkalosis causes

Answer 11

-vomiiting; loss of H+
-ingesting bicarb (is a base so will use up H+)
-constipation (more bicarbonate is absorbed)

Question 12

pH Compensation

Answer 12

-either respiratory or renal

if CO2 levels explain the pH change, you’re dealing with a respiratory issue

if bicarb levels are weird, its a metabolic issue

Question 13

Renal compensation

Answer 13

-too much H+, we pee out more H+
-too much base (HCO3), we pee out more HCO3

Question 14

Na/H antiporter in Proximal CT

Answer 14

slide 19

Question 15

Chart from Liv that shows changes in pH