ACCESSORY ORGANS

Question 1

Mouth

Answer 1

known as the oral, or buccal cavity

Question 2

Function of the mouth

Answer 2

–Ingestion

mastication

chemical digestion

swallowing

speech

respiration

Question 3

Anatomy of the mouth

Answer 3

Question 4

Tongue

Answer 4

muscular, bulky, but remarkably agile and sensitive organ

Question 5

Function of the tongue

Answer 5

• manipulates food between teeth while it avoids being bitten
• can extract food particles from the teeth after a meal
• sensitive enough to feel a stray hair in a bite of food
• nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium covers its surface

Question 6

Anatomy of the tongue

Answer 6

Question 7

Palate

Answer 7

separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity

Question 8

Hard palate

Answer 8

anterior portion that is supported by the palatine processes of the maxillae and the palatine bones

Question 9

Soft palate

Answer 9

posterior with a more spongy texture

Question 10

Anatomy of the palate

Answer 10

Question 11

Teeth

Answer 11

• erupt from 6 to 30 months
• beginning with incisors
• between 6 and 32 years of age, are replaced by 32 permanent teeth
• 16 in mandible
• 16 in maxilla

Question 12

Arrangement of teeth

Answer 12

• 2 incisors—chisel-like cutting teeth used to bite off a piece of food
• 1 canine—pointed and act to puncture and shred food
• 2 premolars—broad surface for crushing and grinding
• 3 molars—even broader surface for crushing and grinding
• Third molars (wisdom teeth) erupt from age 17 to 25 years–May be impacted: crowded against neighboring teeth and bone so they cannot erupt

Question 13

Deciduous teeth

Answer 13

Question 14

Permanent teeth

Answer 14

Question 14

Permanent teeth

Answer 14

Question 15

Anatomy of teeth

Answer 15

Dentin—hard yellowish tissue that makes up most of the tooth

Enamel—covers crown and neck

Cementum—covers root, Cementum and dentin are living tissue and can regenerate

Question 16

Saliva

Answer 16

Hypotonic solution of 97.0% to 99.5% water and enzymes, pH 6.8 to 7.0

Question 17

Enzymes in saliva

Answer 17

• Salivary amylase: enzyme that begins starch digestion in the mouth
• Lingual lipase: enzyme that is activated by stomach acid and digests fat after the food is swallowed
• Mucus: binds and lubricates the mass of food and aids in swallowing
• Lysozyme: enzyme that kills bacteria
• Immunoglobulin A (IgA): an antibody that inhibits bacterial growth
• Electrolytes: Na⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻, phosphate, and bicarbonate

Question 18

Salivary glands

Answer 18

1.Parotid: located beneath the skin anterior to the earlobe

Mumps is an inflammation and swelling of the parotid gland caused by a mumps virus

2. Submandibular gland: located halfway along the body of the mandible

Its duct empties at the side of the lingual frenulum, near the lower central incisors

3. Sublingual glands: located in the floor of the mouth

Has multiple ducts that empty posterior to the papilla of the submandibular duct

Question 19

Anatomy of salivary glands

Answer 19

Question 20

Esophagus

Answer 20

• a straight muscular tube 25 to 30 cm long
• begins at level between C6
• passes through esophageal hiatus in diaphragm and continues another 3-4 cm and meets the stomach
• lower esophageal sphincter: food pauses at this point because of this constriction. Prevents stomach contents from regurgitating into the esophagus. Protects esophageal mucosa from erosive effect of the stomach acid

Question 21

Anatomy of esophagus

Answer 21