Accessory digestive organs

Question 1

accessory digestive organs

Answer 1

pancreas, gallbladder and liver

Question 2

pancreas

Answer 2

Lies deep in the abdominal cavity, on the posterior abdominal wall; elongated and flattened

Part of both the digestive and endocrine systems

Question 3

what does the pancreas secrete

Answer 3

Secretes hormones (insulin and glucagon) to regulate blood sugar

Produces pancreatic juice with sodium bicarbonate to neutralize chyme acidity

Releases enzymes to break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats

Question 4

what does the pancreas do to chyme

Answer 4

chyme leaves the stomach with a pH of 1

Pancreatic juice raises the pH to 8, protecting the small intestine

Question 5

liver

Answer 5

largest internal organ in the body
about the size of a football

located right below the diaphragm

Question 6

3 Main Structures Between the Lobules

Answer 6

Bile Duct → Branch of Hepatic Artery → Branch of Hepatic Vein

Question 7

Bile Duct

Answer 7

takes bile away from the liver

Question 8

Branch of Hepatic Artery

Answer 8

brings oxygen rich blood to the liver

Question 9

Branch of Hepatic Vein

Answer 9

transports nutrients from intestine

Question 10

what does the liver filter

Answer 10

filters the blood,

also makes plasma proteins from amino acids

Question 11

how does the liver regulate glucose

Answer 11

store extra glucose as glycogen

converting glycerol from fats and amino acids into glucose

Question 12

Where is bile produced and stored

Answer 12

produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder

Question 13

What do bile pigments and bile salts do in digestion

Answer 13

do not aid digestion but help eliminate waste,

bile salts emulsify fats and increase the surface area for enzyme action

Question 14

What is bile made of, and what is its role

Answer 14

Bile is made of bile pigments and bile salts. Bile salts emulsify fats, breaking them into smaller molecules for easier digestion

Question 15

7 Ways the Liver Helps to Maintain Homeostasis

Answer 15

1. Detoxifying blood
2. Storing iron
3. Making plasma proteins
4. Stores glucose as glycogen (also breaks down glycogen to glucose)
5. Produces urea after breaking down amino acids
6. Removes bilirubin from the blood and excretes it into the bile
7. Helps to regulate the blood cholesterol levels

Question 16

structure of the gallbladder

Answer 16

The gallbladder is a pear-shaped, muscular sac attached to the liver

Question 17

What happens to water in the gallbladder

Answer 17

reabsorbs water, making bile thicker and more concentrated

Question 18

What does the gallbladder store

Answer 18

stores bile produced by the liver between meals

Bile is released through the bile duct into the duodenum when fats are present in the small intestine

Question 19

What role does bile play in fat digestion

Answer 19

Bile breaks down large fat droplets into smaller ones, aiding in mechanical digestion

Question 20

What causes gallstones and how are they treated

Answer 20

high cholesterol and may block the bile duct,

sometimes requiring gallbladder removal

Question 21

How do food molecules enter the bloodstream

Answer 21

Small food molecules are absorbed directly by the cells of the villi

Food molecules diffuse into the blood vessels of the villi, entering the bloodstream.

Question 22

What does the large intestine absorb

Answer 22

mainly absorbs water from waste before elimination

Question 23

types of enzymes

Answer 23

Carbohydrases digest carbohydrates.
Lipase digests fats.
Proteases digest larger polypeptides.
Nucleases digest nucleic acids

Question 24

What are digestive enzymes

Answer 24

proteins that speed up chemical reactions, aiding in chemical digestion.

break down food into nutrient molecules, such as glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, and glycerol

Question 25

what factors effect enzyme activity

Answer 25

Enzyme activity is affected by temperature and pH, which help maintain the enzyme’s shape and optimal function

Temperature Effect: Higher temperatures increase enzyme activity by adding more energy

Question 26

Hydrolytic

Answer 26

they break down molecules when water is introduced

Question 27

salivary amalyase

Answer 27

Found in saliva

Has a neutral pH.

first enzyme to act on carbohydrates (starch)

Question 28

starch breakdown by salivary amalyse

Answer 28

Starch is digested into maltose, a sugar

Maltose cannot be directly absorbed by the intestine; additional digestive enzymes are needed

Question 29

Pepsin

Answer 29

enzyme that is found in the stomach

creates gastric juice when it is mixed with hydrochloric acid

Question 30

protein breakdown by pepsin

Answer 30

chemical digestion of proteins into peptides

peptides are usually too large to be absorbed by the intestines

get broken down into amino acids in the small intestine

Question 31

Pancreatic Amylase

Answer 31

found in pancreatic juice

created in pancreas but enters the duodenum of the small intestine

digests starch

also works to help neutralize the chyme

Question 32

Lipase

Answer 32

another pancreatic enzyme

digests fat molecules after they have been emulsified by bile salts

after the lipase digests the fat, it is in the form of glycerol and fatty

these are small enough to be absorbed in the villi

Question 33

Peptidase

Answer 33

produced in the small intestine

completes the digestion of protein into amino acids

Question 34

Maltase

Answer 34

Produced in the small intestine, completes starch digestion by breaking down maltose.

Absence of enzymes can cause illness, lactose intolerance (lactase deficiency) leads to trouble digesting dairy.