Academic Research, Collaboration & Negotiation

Question 1

Academic texts

Answer 1

Written for academic community & businesses to report scientific findings and discuss scientific questions

• -> analyse, interpret &. evaluate, argue
• -> research question, objective (position vs. opinion), structured, precise, academic sources, formal language

Question 2

Evaluating academic sources

Answer 2

• Relevance
• Reliability: Author, Publisher, publication date, quality of the paper, peer-reviewed, cited by others

Popular science: scientific work made available to the public (not an academic source)
Grey literature: no official publication process

Question 3

Citing literature

Answer 3

• Direct quotes: word for word copy
• Paraphrases: meaning of text in own words (synonyms, verb/noun…)
• Summaries: summarising most important points/ideas of text

Components of quote: quote, citation, frame

Question 4

Academic style

Answer 4

Objective, precise, explicit, accurate

Formal language

• No contractions or informal words
• No rhetorical questions
• No unnecessary words
• Bias free language
• Avoid two-part verbs

Question 5

Meetings

Answer 5

–> group gathers for controlled discussion with specific purpose

• Agenda: Basic info, topic and responsibility, objective for each item
• Minutes: written record of what was discussed, short summary of each discussed item and conclusion

Status update meeting
Information sharing meeting
Decision making meeting
Problem solving meeting
Innovation meeting
Team building meeting

Question 6

Negotiations

Answer 6

Bargain: discussion about what other wants (competitive, win-lose)
Negotiation: discussion about why they want it

• Win-win: both parties strive to reach satisfying agreement (interest-based, value-based)
• Win-lose: negotiate agreement that benefits each party best (others seen as opponent)
• Independent advantage: each thinking about own interests

BATNA - best alternative to negotiated agreement
WATNA - worst alternative to negotiated agreement
ZOPA - zone of potential agreement

Question 7

Conflict management styles

Answer 7

1. Accommodating: others’ needs before own
2. Avoiding
3. Compromising: middle part - both parties to concede some aspects
4. Competing: reject compromise
5. Collaboration: best long term results, win-win