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criminology - unit 4 > ac3.3: examine the limitations of agencies in achieving social control > Flashcards

ac3.3: examine the limitations of agencies in achieving social control Flashcards

1
Q

recidivism

A
  • if offenders continue to commit crime, social control will never be achieved
  • recidivism has caused the prison population to rise drastically over the last 20 years
  • anyone who has served 2 days to 2 years is required to serve minimum 12 months on probation
  • the number of people recalled to custody has increased by 19%
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2
Q

supporting statistics

A
  • around 3 in 5 prisons (61%) are overcrowded - 74 in 122 prisons
  • inspectors found that safety wasn’t good in 6 of 10 men’s prisons they visited during 2021-22
  • 16,300 prisoners are held in overcrowded accommodation
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3
Q

which theory is relevant?

A

social learning theory
- offenders may learn further negative behaviour in prison by copying others

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4
Q

how is recidivism a limitation for prisons?

A
  • a high reoffending rate leads to overcrowding
  • this causes safety issues, increased violence and aggression towards staff and other inmates
  • limited access to jobs, education and rehab opportunities, which all help reduce reoffending
  • an already stretched budget is further impacted
  • staff to prisoner ratio is increased
  • supporting stat: around 3 in 5 prisons (61%) are overcrowded
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5
Q

how is recidivism a limitation for probation?

A
  • more people coming in and out of prisons
  • causes staff to be overworked - there isn’t enough staff to cope with the demands on the probation service
  • this could lead to mistakes and a potential MOJ
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6
Q

how is recidivism a limitation for police?

A
  • a higher reoffending rate takes more time and resources for the police
  • is this a waste?
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7
Q

how is recidivism a limitation for courts?

A
  • recidivism increases the number of people in the CJS
  • this may cause a backlog in the court system, affecting other agencies
  • if the case takes a long time to get to court, eyewitnesses may forget their statements
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8
Q

civil liberties and legal barriers

A
  • civil liberties are basic rights and freedoms granted to people through the law. e.g. freedom of speech, movement, from arbitrary arrest, assembly, association
  • these freedoms may limit agencies’ ability to achieve social control
  • e.g., foreign nationals with criminal convictions can’t be removed from the UK due to EU regulations. deportation cant happen as they are a threat to their home country
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9
Q

the case of abu qatada

A
  • he was arrested for terrorist offences in the UK
  • he couldn’t be deported as he claimed he wouldn’t have access to a fair trial
  • he was held in the UK for 8 years until he was eventually deported
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10
Q

how are civil liberties and legal barriers a limitation for the police?

A
  • they have rules about when they can and can’t arrest people - they have to read people their rights, give them a phone call and a lawyer
  • they must follow these to ensure they don’t infringe on civil liberties
  • this means they might miss people who should have been convicted
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11
Q

how are civil liberties and legal barriers a limitation for prisons?

A

they must comply with rules and human rights issues

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12
Q

access to resources and support

A
  • if prisoners don’t get resources and support to prevent reoffending, social control won’t occur and they will reoffend
  • 36% of prisons received pos rating in 2019-20 for purposeful activity work
  • 35% of offenders spent less than 2 hrs out their cell a day
  • 50% of people released march 2019-20 had settled accommodation on release
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13
Q

how is access to resources and support a limitation for prisons?

A
  • lack of resources contributes to reoffending
  • this increases prison pop and adds to neg state of prisons
  • 62% of people entering the prison system were assessed as having literacy skills of 11-year-old (4x higher than general population)
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14
Q

how is access to resources and support a limitation for probation?

A
  • they try to help ex-offenders get jobs and housing
  • if they lack the necessary resources they won’t be effective - causing less chance of rehabilitation
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15
Q

how is access to resources and support a limitation for charities?

A
  • they rely on public donations
  • without this their resources will be limited
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16
Q

finance

A

??????

17
Q

how is finance a limitation for prisons?

A
  • without money to provide support, reoffending will increase
  • this can increase the chance of attacks on staff, as well as self-harm and suicide
  • the prison officer association warned that inmates with mental health problems are in extra danger without a boost in resources
18
Q

how is finance a limitation for charities?

A
  • if they don’t receive public donations (increasingly in cost of living crisis) they cannot function
  • they’ve lost more than £3.8 billion in recent years
19
Q

how is finance a limitation for the police?

A
  • cuts to officers, pay cuts and limited funding all reduce the chance of social control
20
Q

local and national policies

A
  • local police prioritise certain crimes, so some arent investigated
  • allegations say they focus on ‘trivial crime’ rather than serious offences to meet gov targets
  • from 2010 to 2015 the gov gave £1.2 mil to fund workers to tackle knife, gun and gang crime
  • however this could lead to them focusing on certain crimes
21
Q

how are local and national policies a limitation for the police?

A
  • encouraged to tackle crimes so others may go unpunished
  • it could easily lead to inconsistencies in policing
  • this could affect the whole cjs
22
Q

how are local and national policies a limitation for prisons?

A
  • if areas focus more on certain crimes then certain prisons may have higher populations
23
Q

environment

A
  • an ex-offenders home environment impacts if they reoffend (they often return to the same social circle)
  • there’s a lack of employment or a focus to lead them from crime
  • people are less likely to reoffend if they get family visits in prison, but 68% had none
  • only 1 in 4 had a job on release
24
Q

marxist perspective

A

the bourgeoisie construct rules of society to prevent the proletariat from achieving in life, so their only option is to commit crime

25
Q

how is the environment a limitation for probation?

A
  • their job is made harder as they must ensure people don’t reoffend when being back with the same people as before
26
Q

how is the environment a limitation for charities?

A
  • relied upon more when prisoners cannot find adequate work or housing
27
Q

how is the environment a limitation for prisons?

A
  • they’re labelled as universities of crime
  • it’s an environment where they can learn more crime, meet contacts and develop possible new drug addictions
28
Q

how is the environment a limitation for the police?

A
  • could link to the broken windows theory
  • this makes the police’s job harder
29
Q

crime committed by those with moral imperatives

A
  • a moral imperative is a strongly felt principle that compels people to act
  • e.g. assisted suicide could be argued as a crime committed with a compassionate motive
  • helping someone die is a crime in the UK, however a family member may do so at the wishes of another
30
Q

the case of kay gilderdale

A
  • he 31 year old daughter had ME - she was paralysed, couldn’t eat, sit up or swallow
  • lynn gave herself a large dose of morphine and called her mum into her room, kay gave into lynn and gave her doses of morphine and other drugs
  • lynn died 30 hrs later from morphine toxicity
31
Q

functionalist perspective

A
  • some crimes may be positive and serve a function
  • the case of kay gilderdale may produce boundary maintenance by showing what is acceptable
32
Q

how are crimes committed by those with moral imperatives a limitation for courts?

A
  • the jury often find these crimes not guilty, e.g. assisted suicide
  • this makes it hard to get the case through court and makes it hard for judges to disapprove of this crime
33
Q

how are crimes committed by those with moral imperatives a limitation for the cps?

A
  • rarely prosecutes as it’s so unlikely these cases will get convicted - “an unrealistic prospect of conviction”
  • does this send a message that these crimes are okay?

criminology - unit 4 (20 decks)

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